s^. 



HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES. 



WITH 



A TABLE OF CHRONOLOGY. 



R THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 



A NCW EDITION, CORRECTED AND IMPROVED- 



E 

.2- 



BY BISHOP DAVC^rpoRT. 



PHILADFLPHiA. 
URIAH HUNT £. SON, 

No. 41 NoBTH Fourth *Stbeet 

AWD FOK SALE BY BOOKSELLERS GENI r: Y THF^UaHOrr 

THE UNITED STATES. 

1845. 



EIISTORY 

OF THE 

CONTAINING ALL THE EVENTS NECESSARY TO BE 
COMT>UTTED TO MEMORY; 

WITH THE 

DECLARATION OF INBEPENBSNOE, 

THE 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

^ AND A 

TABXiS OF ClI.-RQ^OI^Oa'^y 
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 

A NEW EDITION, CORRECTED AND IMPROVED, 



BY BISHOP DAVENPORT. 



MULTUM IN PARVO. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
URIAH HUNT & SON, 

No. 44 North Fourth Street. 

AiWD FOR SALE BY BOOKSELLEKS GENEKALLY THROUGHOUT THE 

UNITED STATES. 

1815. 




Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1833, by 
Bishop Davenport, in the Glerk's office of the District Court of 
New Jersey. 



tn^ 



r- -, A^sr 



INTRODUCTION, 



Question. What is History 1 

Answer. History is a %vritten narrative of past transac- 
tions, in regular succession. 

Q. How is History divided 1 

A. History is divided into ancient and modern : which 
may be subdivided into civil, sacred and profane, 

Q. What is Ancient History ] 

A. Ancient History is an account of all events, whether 
recorded by sacred or profane writers, from the creation of 
the world to the birth of Christ. 

Q. What is Modern History 1 

A. Modern History is a relation of whatever ha's occur- 
red either in church or state, from the birth of Christ to the 
present time. 

Q. What is Civil History] 

A. Civil History is the history of nations ; and has rela- 
tion to the establishment, continuance, and fall of empires, 
kingdoms, statas or cities. 

Q. What is Sacred History? 

A. Sacred History is that part, both of ancient and 
modern, which lays before us the mysteries and ceremonies 
of religion, recorded in the Old and Nev/ Testaments. 

Q. What is Profane History 1 

A, Profane History is, properly, the history of the fabu- 
lous gods, demi-gods, and heroes of antiquity ; but pJl 
records of ancient times, the Scriptures excepted, are, 
sometimes, thus denominated. 

Q. What is the most ancient History we have 1 

A. The most ancient History is that which is contained 
in the Old Testament ; giving an account of the creation 
of the world, &c. 

Q. How long before the birth of Christ was the creation 
of the world I 

A. 4004 years. 

Q. Which w^as the first universal empire that ever ex- 
isted] 

A2 



(6) 

A. The Assyrian : founded at Babylon, on the Euphrates, 
by Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, A. M. 1800, 

d. Where does the river Euphrates empty ?— (See map of Asia.) 

JsTot.e. — The scholar ought to have a knowledge of Geography before 
he commences the study of history: therefore the author recommends 
questioning iiim in regard to all place%and rivers mentioned in the 
history. 

Q. Which was the second universal empire '? 
A. The second universal empire was the Persian ; found- 
ed by Cyrus upon the ruins of the Median and Babylonian 
kingdoms, A. M. 3468. 

Q. Which v/as the third universal empire T 
A. The third universal empire was the Grecian ; found 
ed by Alexander the Great, SSO B. C. 

Q. Why was Alexander called the Great 1 
A. He was called the Great, not on account of his vir- 
tues, but on account of his natural valor, and the great 
success of his arm.s. 

Q. Which was the fourth universal empire ] 
A. The Roman ; founded by Romulus, B. C. 753. 
Q. Why were these empires termed universal ] 
A. Because they extended over the greatest part of the 
then known world. 

Q. When was the foundation of the 'present French 
empire laid? 

A. About the year A. D. 481, by a German nation, under 
Clovis. 

Q. At what period did Portugal become a kingdom? 
A. It became a kingdom about the middle of the twelfth 
century. 
d. Where is Portugal, and how is it bounded ?— (See map of Europe.) 
Q. At what period did the Romans first invade Britain 1 
A. Fifty-five years before the Christian era. 



(7) 



THE Lx\NDING OF COLUMBUS. 




Note. Columbus was the first European that set foot in 
the new world. He landed in a rich dress, and with a 
drawn sword in his hand : his men followed, and all kneel- 
ed, and kissed the ground they had so long desired to see. 



(8) ... 

Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, 

The most considerable part of the discoveries of man 
have been owing to chance ; that of the New World was 
solely the fruit of genius and reasoning. 

Columbus, from that justness of mma and reasoning 
which mathematical knowledge gives, calculated very 
justly, that if our earth w^as a globe, which he thought be- 
yond a doubt, we knev/ yet only a part of it, and that in 
setting out from Europe, and steering always towards the 
west, he must either meet with new lands or arrive at the 
eastern coasts of Asia. Struck with this fortunate and 
equally simple idea, he successively addressed himself to 
Genoa, his country, to France, England, and Portugal, 
everywhere soliciting for the means to be able to execute 
what he had conceived ; but everywhere he was repulsed 
as a madman ; so much have old errors the advantage over 
new truths. Lastly, the perseverance of Columbus, after 
eight years of solicitation, succeeded with Isabelia of Cas- 
tile. He set out in 1492, with some small vessels given up 
to his solicitations, more than confided to his wisdom ; and 
after a navigation of thirty-three days, during which inter- 
val the continual mutiny of his crew, w'ho looked upon him 
as mad, had exposed him to continual danger, he landed at 
one of the Bahamas, w^hich his personal situation induced 
him to call St. Salvador ; for he must infallibly have perished 
by the hands of his crew, if he had not at last found land. 
From this little island, Columbus landed on another, greater 
and more populous, abounding in gold and productions of all 
sorts ; it was called Haiti ; he gave it the name of His- 
paniola ; it is the same W'hich we now call >S^. Domingo, 
The fortunate admiral returned then to Europe. Let us 
judge, if w^e can, of his joy, his satisfaction, his glory, when 
his first w^ord proclaimed to the ancient world, the existence 
of a new one. It is related that his debarkation was a true 
delirium, and his route through Spain, a triumph. This is 
the history of the true discovery of America. The good, 
honest, and worthy Columbus died in Spain in 1506, after 
four successive voyages, intermixed with every thing the 
most bitter that envy, disgust, ingratitude, and injustice can 
present. 



(9) 
HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER I. 
DISCOVERY. 

Q. By whom was America discovered ? 

A. By Christopher Columbus. 

Q. Of what country w^as Columbus a native 1 

A. Genoa. 

Q. Where is Genoa 1 

A. In Italy. 

Q. What led him to suppose that there was another con- 
tinent to discover 1 

A. He conceived that another continent must necessarily 
exist, that the globe might be properly balanced, with 8 
due proportion of land and water. 

Q. With what did he suppose this continent was con- 
nected ] 

A. With the East Indies. 

Q. By whom was he assisted in the undertaking 1 

A. Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. 

Q. In what year did he discover America ] 

A. The year 1492. 

Q. What land did he first reach 1 

A. One of the Bahama Islands, named by him St. Sal 
vadore. 

Cl. Can you tell how this island is situated ?— (See map of the West 
Indies.) 

Q. How many voyages did Columbus make to the new 
world 1 
A. Four. 

Q. In which of theai did he discover the continent ? 
A. In the third. 
Q. Where] 



( 10 ) 

A. At the mouth of the river Oronoco, m the north pari 
of South America. 

Q. What discoveries did he make in his fourth voyage ^ 
A. He discovered the harbor of Porto Bello and the Gulf 
of Darien. 

Q. When and by whom was Greenland discovered ] 
A. In the year 982, by the Norwegians. 
Q. Is Greenland a part of the continent 1 
A. Late discoveries render it probable that it is sepa- 
rated from the continent. 

Q. Why was the country called Am.erica 1 
A. It was called America after Amerigo Vespucci, who 
was sent out the year after Columbus had reached the con- 
tinent, to explore, still farther, the new regions ; his 
description of them was the first published, and they, in 
consequence, gradually received his name. 

Q. How were the discoveries of Columbus limited ] 
A. To South America and the West Indies. 
Q. Who explored the shores of North America ] 
A. John Cabot, a native of Bristol, in England. 
Q. When did he make his first discovery ] 
A. In 1496 he explored the coast of Labrador, and in 
1497 discovered Newfoundland. 

Q. Which is the oldest city in America 1 
A. Mexico, built by the Spaniards in 1521. 
Q. Who first sailed round the world ] 
A. Sir Francis Drake. 

Q. What effect had this enterprise on the English 
nation 7 

A. It impressed them with a just sense of their own 
abilities and courage, as equal to any undertaking. 
Q. By whom was the Pacific Ocean first entered 1 
A. Magellan, a native of Portugal, tlien in the service 
of Spain, through the straits which bear his name. 
Gl. Where are the straits of Magellan ? — (See map of South America.) 

Q. How long after the discovery oF America, before any- 
permanent English settlement was made ] 

A. 115 years. 

Q. In what years were the first English settlements at* 
tempted 1 

A. In the years 1583, 1584, and 1585. 



( 11 ) 

Q. Who at this time reigned in England ! 

A. Elizabeth. 

Q. Who were the leading adventurers in forming set- 
tlements in America at this time 7 

A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and Sir Walter Raleigh. 

Q. Did they succeed in founding any permanent settle- 
ments 1 

A. No. 

Q. What part of the Country did Sir Humphrey Gilbert 
visit in 1583 1 

A. The island of Nevi^foundland, where he landed, and 
took possession in the name of his sovereign. 

Q. What happened to him on his return to England 1 

A. He was shipwrecked, and perished. 

Q. Did this disaster discourage Sir Walter Raleigh 1 

A. No : the following year, 1584, Raleigh fitted out two 
small vessels, under the command of Amidas and Barlow. 

Q. Where did this party land 1 

A. They first landed on an island at the entrance of 
Pamlico sound, then proceeded to the isle of Roanoke, 
where they began a settlement. 

d. Where is the island of Roanoke ? Pamlico sound? — (See naap 
of the United States.) 

Q. Did this party continue long in the country 1 

A. No : being distressed by famine and the hostility of 
the natives, they soon returned to England. 

Q. Did Raleigh make any further attempts to establish 
a colony 1 

A. Yes : the next year, 1585, he fitted out seven small 
vessels, with one hundred and fifty men. 

Q. Where did this colony land 1 

A. On the island of Roanoke, where they were soon 
reduced to great distress, and they all returned to England 
with Sir Francis Drake, on his return from the West Indies. 

Q. Did this end the exertions of Raleigh to plant a col- 
ony in America? 

A. It did. 

Q. What was the result of these successive misfortunes! 

A. It withdrew, for several years, the attention of the 
Knglish from these distant regions. 

Q. When and by whom was Cape Cod discovered ] 



( 12 ; 

A. In 1602, by Bartholomew Gosnold, who gave it the 
name on account of the great quantity of cod-fish which he 
took near it. 

Q,. Where is Cape Cod 7 Which way from Boston ? 

Q. What effect had the report of Gosnold in England ] 

A. It revived the spirit of adventure. 

Q. What discoveries were made in 1603 and 1605 ; 

A. Penobscot and Massachusetts bays, and the rivers 
between them. 

Q,. Where is Penobscot bay? Massachusetts? What rivers are 
between them ? 

Q. What association was formed through the influence 
of Richard Hakluyt 1 

A. An association of gentlemen in different parts of 
England, for the purpose of sending colonies to America. 

Q. How was the country lying between 34 and 45 de- 
grees of north latitude divided ?- 

A. Into north and south Virginia. 

Q. To what two companies was this granted, by King 
James, in 1606 ] 

A. The London and Plymouth Companies. 

Q. Why was the country called Virginia? 

A. It was called Virginia by Queen Elizabeth, as a me^ 
morial that it had been discovered during the reign of a 
virgin queen. 



( 13) 



###a#aaa###a#a#### s#t 




CHAPTER II. 
SETTLEMENT AT JAMESTOWN. 

Q. When and where was the first permanent English 
settlement ] 

A. In 1607, at Jamestow^n, under the direction of the 
London Company. 

Q,. How is Jamestown situated? 

Q. Where had the Spaniards and French made settle- 
ments 1 

A. The French had made settlements in Canada, and; 
the Spaniards in Mexico. 

Q. When and by whom was Quebec founded 1 

A. In 1608, by the French. 

Ci. In whose possession is Quebec now? How situated? 

Q. What was the character of the first settlers in Vir- 
ginia] 

A. They were dissipated and profligate, and destitute of 
that industry and economy which their situation required. 

Q. In what w' ere they involved I 

B 



( 14 ) 

A. In war with the natives. 

Q. What occasioned their sufferings 1 

A. Famine and disease. 

Q. How many died in the first six months } 

A. Half of their number. 

Q. What celebrated commander is mentioned '^ 

A. Captain Smith. 

Q. By whom was he taken prisoner 1 

A. By the Indians. 

Q. To whom did they carry him 1 

A. To Powhattan, the principal chieftain of Virginia. 

Q. How was Smith treated by him 1 

A. He sentenced him to die. 

Q. Was the sentence executed 1 

A . No : at the moment of executing the sentence, Poca- 
hontas, the favorite daughter of Powhattan, rushed between 
the prisoner and uplifted club, and, by her tears and en- 
treaties, prevailed on her father to recall the sentence. 

J\rof.e. — This amiable child performed many other services for the 
English. When Powhattan and his chiefs had secretly formed a plan 
to cut off the English by a general massacre, one cold, rainy night, 
when the Indians were confined to tlieir tents, by storm, Pocahontas 
ventured alone through the wood, and gave timely notice to Captain 
Smith. By this seasoliable information, the English were prepared, 
and the colony saved. 

Q. Did Smith continue to reside in the colony 1 

A. No. ^ . . 

Q. What caused his departure? 

A. He was so dreadfully mangled by an explosion of gun- 
powder, that he was under the necessity of returning to 
England, for medical aid. 

Q. What effect had the absence of Smith on the affairs 
of the colony 1 

A. His absence was the occasion of great loss and con- 
fusion to the English. 

Q. How was Pocahontas induced to visit Jamestown 1 

A. She was decoyed thither by an old Indian woman, 
whom the English had bribed by the reward of a copper 
kettle. 

Q. How was she treated 1 

A. She was persuaded on board a ship, where she was 
kept a prisoner, 

Q, What effect had her imprisonment on Powhattan ] 



(1^ 

A. Powhattan, who dearly loved her, concluded a treaty 
with the English, on their own terms. 

Q. To whom was she married I 

A. Mr. Rolfe. 

Q. Where was she taken ] 

A. To England. ■ 

Q. How^ was she received in England 1 

A. She was treated with kindness in England, and pre- 
sented at court. 

Q. In what was she instructed 1 

A. She was instructed in the Christian religion. 

Q. Where did she die ] 

A. At Gravesend. 

Cl. Where is Gravesend ?— (See map of Europe.) 

Q. What family did' she leave 1 

A. One son, from w^hom are descended some of the prin- 
cipal families in Virginia. 

Q. When was the cultivation of tobacco introduced 1 

A. In 1616. 

Q. How was slavery introduced 1 

A. A Dutch ship, from the coast of Guinea, with a cargo 
of slaves, sailed up the James river, and disposed of a part 
of her cargo to the planters. 

Q. What brought the colony to the brink of ruin 1 

A. The Indians attacked them when they were unpre- 
pared, and in one hour destroyed one fourth of them. 

Q. What ensued ? 

A. A long and bloody w^ar ensued, in which the Indians 
were slaughtered, without regard to age or sex. 



( 16) 







rojra 



Arms of New- York. 



CHAPTER III. 
SETTLEMENT OF THE NORTHERN COLONIEa 

Q. When and by whom was New- York settled ] 

A. By the Dutch, in 1614. 

Q. Where had the Swedes a settlement ? 

A. On the east and west sides of Delaware river. 

Q. How long did they keep possession 1 

A. They kept possession till 1654, when they were over- 
powered by the Dutch. 

Q. What was the cause of the settlement of Massachu- 
setts 1 

A. The persecution carried on in England on account of 
religious opinions. 



( in 

Q. What did the government of England required 

A. The government of England required a strict ob- 
servance of the rites established, and enacted severe laws 
against nonconformity. 

Q. Whither did the Puritans go before coming to Ame- 
rica] 

A. They went to Holland. 

Q. Why did they resolve to remove to America? 

A. They became dissatisfied with their residence in 
Holland. 

Q. What was their first object ] 

A. Their first object was to enjoy a free exercise of their 
religious opinions. 

Q. What promise was made to them by king James 1 

A. That he would not molest them, while they remained 
peaceable subjects. 

Q. Where did they intend to land ] 

A. At the Hudson. 

Q. Why were they carried farther to the north 1 

A. It is supposed that the captain of the ship was bribed 
by the Dutch. 

Q. When and where did they land ] 

A. On the 22d of December, 1620, these pilgrims, to the 
number of 101, landed at a place called by the Indians Pa^ 
tuxet, to which they gave the name of New-Plymouth. 

Q,. Where is New-Plymouth? (For Arms of Massachusetts, see p. 68.) 

Q. What occasioned their sufferings ] 

A. Famine and disease. 

Q. How many died before spring ? 

A. Half of their number. 

Q. With what neighboring colony was New-Plymouth 
afterwards associated ? 

A. The colony at Massachusetts Bay. 

Q. What gave rise to religious controversies 1 

A. Some of the colonists, who had not emigrated through 
motives of religion, preferred the rituals of the church of 
England, and refused to join the colonial establishment for 
public worship. 

B2 



(18) 




Arms of Rhode-Island. 



Q. Who was the founder of Rhode-Island 1 
A. Roger Williams, a clergyman. 
Q. On what account did he leave Massachusetts 1 
A. On account of his religious opinions. 
Q. In what year was Rhode-Island founded 1 
A. In the year 1636. 

Q. What did Williams call the town where he settled 1 
A. Providence, on account of the protecting care of God 
over him. 



( 19) 




Arms of Connecticut. 



Teacher. Describe the settlement of Connecticut. 

Pupil. About 100 families, with their favorite minister, 
Mr. Hooker, of Massachusetts, after a fatiguing march 
through woods and swamps, settled on the Connecticut 
river, in the year 1836. 

Q. What towns did they first commence 1 

A. Windsor, Hartford, and Weathersfield. 

0,. Can you tell how these towns are situated ?— (See map of tho 
United States.) 



(20) 




Arms of New-Hampshire. 

Q. By whom was the first settlement made in New- 
Hampshire 1 

A. By the Rev. Mr. Wheelwright, and his followers. 

Q. On what account did Mr. Wheelwright leave Massa- 
chusetts ? 

A. He had been banished on account of his opposition to 
the church government. 

Q. When and by whom vv^as Maine settled 1 

A. About the same time of Rhode-Island and Connecti- 
cut, by Ferdinand Gorges. 

Q. When was it united to Massachusetts 1 

A. In 1652, when it took the name of Yorkshire. 

Q. When was the first printing-press established in the 
colonies, and at what place ? 

A. In the year 1639, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Q. Which is the oldest literary production in America ? 

A. Ovid's Metamorphoses. 



( 21 ) 

Q. Did the New-England colonies experience any dan- 
ger from the Indians 1 

A. They did. 

Q. What were the names of the two principal tribes 1 

A. The Narragansets and Pequods. 

J^ote.— These two nations had long been at war with each other, 
kit, foreseeing the extinction of their race, if the Europeans were suf- 
fered to spread among them, the Pequods applied to the Narragansets, 
to forget old animosities, and unite to expel the common enemy ; but 
the Narragansets, perceiving in this an opportunity to crush a power- 
ful rival, instead of accepting the offer of friendship, discovered the 
design of the Pequods to the governor of Massachusetts, and joined in 
alliance with the English. Long and bloody wars ensued, but as the 
colonies increased in number, and extended in territory, the uncivil- 
ized savages fell before the superior skill of their invaders, and in a few 
years many powerful nations were totally extirpated. 




Arms of Maryland. 

CHAPTER IV. 
SOUTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES. 
Q. When and by whom was Maryland founded 1 
A. Maryland began to be settled in 1633, by a colony of 
Roman Catholics, under Lord Baltimore, a native of Eng" 
land. 



(22) 

Q. Did their charter establish free toleration in religion] 
A. It did ; the plan of government was liberal, and the 
country was settled with ease. 

Q. To what did the settlers apply themselves 1 
A. To the cultivation of tobacco. 




Arms of North Carolina. 



( 23 ) 

Q. When and by whom was North Carolina first settled 1 

A. In the year 1650, by a company of planters from 
Virginia. 

Q. Where did they commence their settlement 1 

A. Near Albemarle Sound. 

Q. When and where was South Carolina first settled 1 

A. In 1689, at the place v^here Charleston now stands. 

Q. When did it become a distinct province 1 
. A. In the year 1729. 

Q. When was the cultivation of cotton and rice intro- 
duced into South Carolina 1 

A. About the year 1700. 




Q. In what year did New-Jersey become a separate 
province 1 

A. In the year 1664 

Q. To whom did the duke of York sell it? 

A. To Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret. 

Q. By whom had New-Jersey been previously settled 1 

A. By Hollanders and Swedes. 

Q. What is said of the plan of government 1 

A. The plan of government was liberal, and the colony 
goon became flourishing. 



(24) 




Arms of Pennsylvania. 

Q, Which state was next settled 1 

A. Pennsylvania. 

Q. Who was its founder 1 

A. William Penn, a Quaker, from whom the state takes 
its name. 

Q. From whom did Penn receive a grant of Pennsyl- 
vania ? 

A. From Charles 11. , king of England. 

Q. Did William Penn think a charter from any prin^^.e 
could give a fair title to the land 1 

A. He did not; and, therefore, purchased the right .-^f 
soil from the natives. 

Q. In what year did the first colony arrive in Pennsj 
vania 1 

A. In 1681. 

Q. Was Penn among them ] 

A. No : he arrived in the month of October, the yea 
following. 

Q. Did this colony soon become flourishing 1 

A. William Penn allow^ed full liberty of conscience, and 
granted land to settlers on easy terms, and by this means, 
the colony soon became the most flourishing of any in 
America. 

Q. When and where did William Penn die 1 

A. He died at London, in the year 1718, at the advanced 
age cf 75. 



(25) 




Arms of Delaware. 

Q. When and by whom was Delaware settled ] 

A. In 1627, by a colony of Swedes and Fins. 

Q. What did they call it ] 

A. New Sweden. 

Q. Did Delaware become the property of William Penn 1 

A. It did. 

Q. When and by whom was it conveyed to him 1 

A. In 1680, by the Duke of York. 




Q. When and by whom was Georgia settled 1 
A. The settlement of Georgia was begun by Mr. Ogle* 
thorpe^ in 1732, 

C 



(26) 

Q. At what place was the first settlement made 1 

A. At Savannah. 

d. How is Savannah situated? — (See map of tiie United States.) 

Q. What is said of this colony "? 

A. It was long before this colony became flourishing-, 
owing to the system of government established. In 1752 
they surrendered their charter to the king ; but it was not 
until 1763 that the province began to prosper. 

Q. Were the early settlers of America inattentive to 
the interests of literature 1 

A. They were not. Many of them were men of learn- 
ing, and, next to their religious liberty, they seemed to 
prize their literary institutions. 

Q. When and where was laid the foundation of Har- 
vard University, the oldest seminary of learning in the 
United States ? 

A. In 1638, at Newtown, now Cambridge. 

Q. Why was Newtown called Cambridge ? 

A. Out of respect to the University of England, where 
many of the emigrants were educated. 

Q. What duty of parents was early recognized in the 
colonies ] 

A. The education of children was considered the indis- 
pensable duty of parents and masters. 

Q. When was William and Mary College founded in 
Virginia 1 

A. In 1693. 

Q. When and where was Yale College founded ] 

A. In 1700, at Saybrook, in Connecticut. 

Q. When was it remaoved to New-Haven 1 

A. Sixteen years after it was founded. 

Q. When and where was Dartmouth College estab- 
lished 1 

A. In 1769, in the town of Hanover, Nev7-Hampshire. 

Q. What other colleges were established before the 
revolution 1 

A. A college was founded in New-Jersey, at Princeton, 
in 1738 ; another at New-Brunswick, in 1746 ; Columbia 
College, at New- York, in 1754 ; and Providence College, 
in Rhode-Island, in 1764. 



(27) 
CHAPTER V. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON—DEFEAT OF BRADDOCK— 
CONQUEST OF CANADA, &c. 

Q. Where had the French made settlements 1 

A. In Canada, Nova Scotia, and in Louisiana, on the 
Mississippi river. 

Q. What occurred from 1702 to 1713 1 

A. Frequent inroads were made by the French and In- 
dians, villag-es burned, the inhabitants plundered and inhu- 
manly murdered, or dragged into captivity in the wilderness. 

Q/ Did the colonies endeavor to expel the French from 
Canada and Nova Scotia 1 

A. They did. 

Q. Did France endeavor to connect these distant posses- 



sions 



A. She did. 

Q. In what manner 1 

A. By erecting forts along the Ohio and the lakes. 

Q. What took place between the Ohio Company and the 
French traders, in the vicinity of the Ohio river 1 

A. Frequent disputes. 

Q. What did the governor of Virginia do 1 

A. He sent Washington, then a youth of 21 years of 
age, with a letter to the French commander on the Ohio, 
demanding the reasons of his hostile conduct. 

Q. What was the distance, and how did Washington 
travel? 

A. The distance was 400 miles, 200 of which was 
through a wilderness, inhabited by hostile savages. On the 
way, his horse failed ; he then proceeded on foot, v/ith but 
one companion, a musket in his hand, and a pack on his 
back. He reached the French fort, gave the letter to the 
commander, and returned in safety. 

Q. When did Washington deliver the reply of the 
French commander to the governor of Virginia ! 

A. In January, 1754. 

Q. Was the reply of the French commander satisfactory ^ 

A. It was not. 

Q. What was the consequence ] 



(28) 

A. A regiment was organized in Virginia, to support the 
claims of Great Britain. 

Q. Who had the command of this regiment ] 

A. Mr. Fry was appointed colonel, and Washington 
lieutenant-colonel ; but Mr. Fry soon dying, the command 
devolved upon Washington. 

Q. Whither did Washington proceed with his regiment? 

A. He marched forward to attack fort Duquesne, now 
Pittsburg. 

Q. Did he march as far as fort Duquesne 1 

A. No: before he reached it, he was informed that it 
had been strongly reinforced, and, therefore, he deemed it 
prudent to fall back, and make a stand at a fort which he 
had recently thrown up. 

Q. By whom was he attacked at this place 1 

A. By De Villier. 

Q. What was the result of the attack 1 

A. Washington and his men made a brave resistance, 
but, owing to the superior strength of the French, he was 
obliged to capitulate. 

Q,. What is the meaning of capitulate? 

Q. When did this occur 1 

A. July 4th, 1754. 

Q. For what is the next year, 1755, memorable 1 

A. For the defeat of Braddock. 

Q. What is said of Gen. Braddock 1 

A. He had been sent from Ireland to Virginia, to com- 
mand the British troops. He was brave, but imprudent ; 
despising the advice of Washington, w^ho acted as his aid- 
de-camp, he rushed forward to attack fort Du Quesne, till 
he was suddenly attacked by a body of French and Indians, 
within seven miles of the fort. 

Q. What ensued ? 

A. A total defeat; in which Braddock was mortally 
wounded, after having five horses killed under him. 

Q. What is said of Washington 1 

A. He had two horses shot under him, and four bullets 
passed through his coat, yet he escaped unhurt. 

Q. When and where was Washington born ? 

A. He was born on the 22d of February, 1732, in the 
county of Westmoreland, in Virginia. 

Q. What followed the defeat of Braddock 1 



( 29 ) 

A. It was followed by the expedition of Gov. Shirley, of 
Massachusetts, which was equally unsuccessful ; and Os- 
wego was taken by the French, under General Montcalm. 

Q. Did the French continue successful ] 

A. No: in 1759 the British were everywhere successful, 
Niagara was taken by Sir William Johnson, and Quebec 
by General Wolfe, vv^ho fell in the moment of victory. 

Q. What is said of W^olfe, when in the agonies of death 1 

A. He heard a voice cry " they run ;" he asked " who 
run V and being told the French, he replied " I die happy," 
and immediately expired. 

Q. Was the whole province of Canada reduced the fol- 
lowing year 1 

A. It was. 

Q. How long did the French and Indian war rage 1 

A. About eight years. 

Q. In what year was a general peace concluded 1 

A. In 1763. 



CHAPTER VI. 
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Q. What were the immediate causes of the American 
Revolution 1 

A. The attempts of the British government to encroach 
upon the rights of the colonies, and particularly to raise 
a revenue in America without her consent. 

Q. When was the celebrated stamp act passed ? 

A. In 1765. 

Q. What was the stamp act ] 

A. An act by v/hich the Americans v/ere compelled to 
use stamped paper for all notes, bonds, and other legal in- 
struments, on which paper a duty was to be paid. 

Q. How was it received 1 

A. It gave great offence, and raised the spirit of opposi 
lion to the highest degree. 

Q. How was the use of stamped paper avoided 1 

A. The courts of justice were shut up, and people settled 
their disputes by arbitration. 

a. What is the meaning of arbitration ? 

C2 



(30) 

Q. What associations were formed 1 

A. Associations were formed against importing or using 
British goods. 

Q. Was the stamp act repealed 1 

A. So great was the opposition, that it was repealed the 
following year, 1766. 

Q. What duty was imposed the next year, 17671 

A. A duty was laid on tea, glass, paper, and many othei 
articles used by the Americans. 

Q. Did these duties increase the flame of opposition in 
the Americans ] 

A. They did, to such a degree that in 1770 a parlia- 
mentary repeal took place on all articles, except three 
pence per pound on tea. 

Q,. What is the meaning of repeal ? 

Q. How did the people of Boston express their resent- 
ment of the duty on tea, in 1773 1 

A. They employed some persons, dressed in disguise, to 
go on board the ships, and throw tlie tea overboard. 

Q. How was this conduct received by the British parlia- 
ment 7 

A. It enkindled their resentment to such a degree that 
they shut the port of Boston, and ruined the trade of that 
flourishing town. 

Q. When and where was the first continental congress 
convened 1 

A. In September, 1774, at Philadelphia. 

Q. Who was the president of this congress 1 

A. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia. 

Qc What was the result of this congress 1 

A. They agreed on a declaration of their rights, and a 
statement of their grievances ; and entered into a non-im- 
portation, non-consumption, and non-exportation agreement 



( 31 ) 




##@®####@####s#s# 



CHAPTER VII. 
COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES. 

Q. What occasioned the battle of Lexington 1 

A. In April, 1775, Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn 
were sent with a body of troops to destroy the military 
stores which had been collected at Concord, about twenty 
miles from Boston. At Lexington, the militia were col- 
lected to oppose the incursion of the British troops. 

Q. Were the Lexington militia successful in their oppo- 
eitioQ 1 

A. No : they were dispersed, and eight of their number 
killed. 

Q. When did the battle of Lexington take place 1 

A. On the 19th of April, 1775 : here was shed the first 
blood in the American Revolution. 

Q. What did the Americans do immediately afler the 
battle of Lexington 1 

A. They commenced the enlistment of regular soldiers. 

Q. Where was the congress of Massachusetts in session 
at the time of the battle of Lexington ? 

A. At Watertown, ten miles from Boston. 

Q. What did it vote ] 

A. That thirty thousand men should be raised in tho 
New-Enofland colonies. 



(32) 

Q. Where was the army paraded I 

A. In the vicinity of Boston, under the command of 
General Ward. 

Q. What was done in the mean time 1 

A. In the mean time, the forts, magazines, and arsenals, 
which were in the keeping of the king, were seized by the 
provincial militia. 

Q. Can you tell the names of the three British generals 
who arrived in America, w4th reinforcements from Eng- 
land] 

A. Yes : Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton. 

Q. What proclamation was issued by the British ] 

A. General Gage issued a proclamation, offering to the 
Americans the alternative of submission or w-ar, promising 
pardon to all who. would lay down their' arms. 

Q. What orders were issued by the provincial com- 
manders 1 

A. Orders were issued that Colonel Prescott, with a de- 
tachment of 1000 men, should intrench upon Bunker Hill, 
a height on the peninsula of Charlestown. 

Q,. What is the meaning of detachment ? Of intrench? 

Q. What mistake was made ? 

A. By some mistake in fulfilling the orders, the intrench- 
ment was made on Breed's Hill, high and large, like the 
other, but nearer Boston. 

Q. Hqw was the work carried on 1 

A. With so much silence and diligence, that between 
midnight and the dawn of day, a redoubt was thrown up, 
of eight rods square. 

Q. Had the British troops any intimation of the work '^ 

A. No: although the British vessels were lying very 
near, they had no intimation until the rising sun beamed 
upon the fort. 

Q. What did the British do, when they beheld the fort 1 

A. They commenced an incessant firing upon the works, 
from the ships in the harbor, but vvithout any effect. 

Q. Who were sent by General Gage to drive the Ameri- 
cans from the hill 1 

A. About noon, General Gage detached Generals Howe 
and Pigot, with about 3000 of the flower of the British 
army, to drive the Americans from the hill. 



(33) 

Q. While they were advancing to the attack, what town 
was ordered to be burned 1 

A. Charlestown. A few bombs were thrown from Cop's 
Hill, and the town was soon enveloped in flames. 

Q. Can you describe the battle? 

A. A severe engagement ensued, in which the British 
troops were twice repulsed, with a heavy loss ; but, being 
reinforced, they finally carried the fortification. 

Q. Which party suffered the greater loss '? 

A. The British lost in killed and wounded, one thousand 
and fifty -four, and the Americans had only one hundred and 
thirty-nine killed, and two hundred and twenty-eight 
wounded. 

Q. What American officers were engaged in this action 1 

A. Generals Warren, Putnam, and Stark, the former of 
v/hom was killed. 

Q. When did this battle occur 1 

A. On the 17th of June, 1775. 

Q. By what name is it called 1 

A. The battle of Bunker's Hill. 

Q. Who was chosen, by a unanimous vote, to command 
the American armies ? 

A. George Washington. 

Q. Did he accept the appointment with diffidence 1 

A, He did ; which was a proof of his prudence and 
greatness. 

Q. What was Washington's age when he took command 
of the army ] 

A. Forty-three years. 

Q. In what year was this? 

A. In July, 1775. 

Q. Where did Washington join the army 1 

A. At Cambridge, near Boston. 

Q. What was the number of the army at this time ] 

A. Fourteen thousand men. 

Q. How much powder was there in the camp, when 
Washington took the command of the army ] 

A. Only nine rounds to a man. 

Q. How did the Americans obtain a supply of powder 1 

A. Several British store ships were captured, by which 
Jiey obtained a supply of powder, and many necessary 
articles. 



(34) 

Q. Who had the command of the expedition undertaken 
against Canada 1 

A. Generals Montgomery and Schuyler. 

Q. What town in Canada did Montgomery capture 1 

A. Montreal. 

Q,. How is Montreal situated 7 Which way from Q,uebec 7 

Q. When was Montreal captured ] 

A. On the 12th of November, 1775. 

Q. By what route did Arnold proceed to Canada ? 

A. By the river Kennebec and the wilderness. 

Q. What town did he attempt taking by storm? 

A. Quebec. 

Q. Did he succeed ? 

A. No: he found it necessary to retire twenty miles 
above Quebec, and wait the arrival of Montgomery. 

Q. When did the two armies, in conjunction, commence 
the siege of Quebec 1 

A. December 1st. 

Q,. What is the meaning of siege ? 

Q. After the Americans had remained sometime before 
the city to little purpose, what did Montgomery resolve 
to do? 

A. To enter the place by scaling the walls. 

Q. Was the attempt successful ] 

A. No: the attempt was unsuccessful, and fatal to tho 
brave Montgomery. 

Q. What town in Virginia was burned about this time, 
by order of Lord Dunmore ] 

A. Norfolk. 

Q,. How is Norfolk situated ? Which way from Richmond ? 

Q. What measures were taken to drive the enemy from 
Boston? 

A. Batteries were erected on several neighboring hills, 
from which shot and bombs were thrown into the town. 

Q. Which battery was most successful 1 

A. The one erected on Dorchester Point, which soon 
obliged General Howe to abandon the town. 

Q. When did the British leave Boston ? 

A. On the 17th of March, 1776, the British troops em- 
barked for Halifax. 

d. Where is Halifax? Which way from Boston? What is the 
meaning of embark ? 



( 35 ) 

Q. Which was the next city of attack I 

A. Charleston, in South Carolina. 

Q. What was the result ! 

A. After an action of more than ten hours, the British 
were compelled to retire, their ships being torn in pieces. 

Q. Who commanded the British vessels that entered the 
harbor 1 

A. Sir Peter Parker. 

Q. Who commanded the fort on Sullivan's Island 1 

A. Colonel Moultrie. 

Q. Who had the command of the forces that were to 
act against New- York 1 

A. General William Howe, and his brother Admiral 
Lord Howe. 

Q. What was the amount of the forces placed under 
them'? 

A. About thirty thousand. 

Q. When was Independence declared 1 

A. On the 4th of July, 1776. 

Q. How many colonies were there ? 

A. Thirteen. 

Q. What were they declared to be 1 

A. They were declared to be free, sovereign, and 
INDEPENDENT STATES : Thus, the political ties between 
Great Britain and her colonies w^ere for ever dissolved. 

Q. By whom was the motion made and seconded 1 

A. It was made by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, and 
seconded by John Adams, of Massachusetts. 

Q. Where was Congress then assembled ] 

A. At Philadelphia. 

Q. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence ? 

A. Thomas Jefferson. 

Q. Who was then president of Congress 1 

A. John Hancock. 

Q. In what were the Americans deficient 1 

A. In almost everything necessary for carrying on a war. 

Q. On what did they rely 1 

A. On the justice of their cause, with a strong confi- 
dence in the overruling Providence of God. 

Q. What did they pledge to the support of this declara- 

A, Their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. 



(3G) 



CHAPTER VIII. 

BATTLE OF LONG-ISLAND— NEW-YORK TAKEN— 
AFFAIRS IN NEW-JERSEY. 

Q. Where was the first battle fought, after the declara 
tion of Independence 1 

A. On Long-Island. 

Q. When and where did the British troops land on Long- 
Island ] 

A. On the 2d of August, near the Narrows. 

Q. Which party was victorious 1 

A. The British. 

Q. When was the battle fought 1 

A. On the 27th of August, 1776. 

Q. Who commanded the Americans on Long-Island 1 

A. General Sullivan. 

Q. Can you name the British generals who commanded 
in this battle ] 

A. Sir Henry Clinton, Percy, and Cornwallis. 

Q. What was the loss on each side 1 

A. The Americans lost more than a thousand men ; the 
British less than four hundred. 

Q. When was New- York taken by the British 1 

A. On the 12th of October. 

Q. Where did the Americans make a stand ] 

A. On the north end of the island, where a skirmish took 
place, and the Americans came off victorious. 

Q. What took place at White Plains ? 

A. A severe engagement, in which some hundreds fell 
on both sides, yet neither side could claim the victory. 

Q. Describe the retreat of Washington. 

A. He retreated through Newark, New-Brunswick, 
Princeton, and Trenton, to the Pennsylvania side of the 
Delaware — being closely pursued by the British. 

Q. Where was General Lee taken prisoner 1 

A. At Baskenridge, by a party of British light-horse. 

Q. Where is Baskenridge 1 

A. About 17 miles north of New-Brunswick. 

Q. What bold enterprise did Washington now accom- 
plish 1 



(37) 

A. On the evening of Christmas-day, 1776, he crossed 
the Delaware, and surprised a large body of Hessian troops 
at Trenton, and took them, without the loss of a man. 

Q. What wa.s the number and kind of British troops 
stationed at Trenton 1 

A, The detachment consisted of fifteen hundred German 
infantry, and a troop of British cavalry. 

Q,. What is the meaning of infantry and cavalry? 

Q. How many of these did Washington capture 1 

A. Nine hundred ; the remainder escaped to Borden- 
town. 

Q. Where was another body of the British stationed] 

A. At Princeton, and were soon joined by the army from 
Brunswick, under Lord Cornwallis. 

Q. Can you describe the retreat of Washington to 
Princeton 1 

A. Soon after it became dark, he ordered the lj|ggage 
to be silently removed ; when, leaving guards, and kmdling 
fires, for the purpose of deception, he marched, by a circu- 
itous route, to Princeton. 

Q. Did Washington capture any of the enemy at Prince- 
ton? 

A. Yes : three hundred. 

Q. Whither did the British retreat 3 

A. To Brunswick and Amboy. 

a. How are these two places situated? 

Q. From what country did the Americans receive a 
quantity of arms and ammunition 1 

A. From France. 

Q. Who was sent, by the British, to destroy some mili- 
tary stores at Danbury, in Connecticut ? 

A. Governor Try on. 

Q. Was the plan executed ] 

A. It was ; but the British w^ere defeated, at Ridgefield, 
on their retreat, and the Americans lost General W^ooster, 
a brave and experienced officer. 

Q. What was the object of General Howe 1 

A. To get possession of Philadelphia. 

Q. Unwilling to cross the Delaware while Washington 
was in force behind him, what course did Howe take 1 

A. He embarked, at New- York, with his army, sailed up 

D 



(38) 

the Chesapeake, and landed at the head of Elk river, wher^ 
he commenced his march for Philadelphia. 

Q. Where did Washington make a stand to oppose him 1 

A. At Chadd's ford, on Brandywine creek, about nine 
miles from Wilmington. 

Q, Which party was victorious, in the battle of Brandy 
ivine ] 

A. The British. 

Q. When was the battle fought 1 

A. On the 11th of September, 1777. 

Q. What two celebrated foreigners served under the 
American banners, in this battle ] 

A. La Fayette, of France, and Pulaski, of Poland ; the 
former of whom was wounded. 



CHAPTER IX. 

f HLADELPHIA TAKEN— CAPTURE OF BURGOYNE. 

Q. When was Philadelphia taken ? 

A. On the 26th of September, 1777. 

'Q. Where did another battle soon after occur 1 

A. At Germantown, near Philadelphia, on the 4th of 
October. 

Q. Which party was victorious 1 

A. Both parties suffered considerable loss, but the British 
had the advantage. 

Q. What prevented the British shipping from ascending 
the Delav/are 1 

A. The Americans had a battery erected on Mud Island, 
called Fort Mifflin, and opposite, on the Jersey shore, on a 
height called Red-Bank, was also a battery erected. 

Q. Who made an attack upon Red-Bank 1 

A. Colonel Donop, at the head of 2000 Hessians, but he 
was repulsed, with considerable loss. 

Q. Were the Americans finally compelled to leave Mud 
Island and Red-Bank 1 

A. They were ; but not until the works upon the island 
were entirely beaten down, and every piece of cannon dis- 
mounted. 



( 39 } 

Q. Who succeeded John Hancock as president of Con- 
gress 1 

A. Mr. Laurens, of South Carolina. 

Q. Where did Washington make his winter-quarters'? 

A. At Valley Forge, about 20 miles N. W. from Phila- 
delphia. 

Q. What was the condition of the Americans at Valley 
Forge 1 

A. They were in a very destitute condition ; many were 
without shoes or stockings, tents or blankets, and had 
nothing to shelter them from the inclemency of the winter, 
but temporary huts. 

Q. What American generals obstructed Burgoyne*s 
course to Albany 1 

A. Generals Arnold, Schuyler, and St. Clair. 

Q. Which party was successful at Bennington 1 

A. The Americans. 

Q,. Where is Bennington ? Which way from Albany? 

Q. Who commanded the Americans in the first engage- 
ment 1 

A. General Starke. 

Q. Who commanded in the second engagement, on tl'ie 
same day ] 

A. Colonel Warner. 

Q. Who was the British commander ] 

A. Colonel Baum. 

Q. When did these engagements occur I 

A. On the 16th of August, 1777. 

Q. To what place did Burgoyne retreat ] 

A. To Saratoga. 

Q,. Where is Saratoga ? Which way from Bennington 7 

Q. Who succeeded Schuyler in the command of the 
northern army? 

A. General Gates. 

Q. Where was a severe, though indecisive, battle fought 
on the 19th of September? 

A. At Stillwater, on the west side of the Hudson, about 
22 miles north of Albany. 

Q. When did Burgoyne finally surrender to Gates 1 

A. He surrendered at Saratoga, on the 17th of October 
1777. 



(40) 

Q. What was the number of men that surrendered to 
Gates, at Saratoga 1 

A. Five thousand seven hundred and ninety, together 
with their arms, ammunition, and artillery. 

Q. What became of the British, on the Hudson, and 
those left at Ticonderoga, on hearing the fate of Burgoyne] 

A. Those on the Hudson, returned to New- York ; the 
others destroyed their cannon, abandoned Ticonderoga, and 
returned to Canada. 

Q. What did La Fayette often do for the American 
army 1 

A. Often, when the American army was in want of pro- 
visions, blankets and clothing, when there was not even a 
single pair of shoes in that army. La Fayette, from his own 
purse, supplied those necessaries. 



CHAPTER X. 

ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE— THE TREACHERY OF 
ARNOLD, &c. 

Q. For what was the beginning of the year 1778 dis* 
tinguished ] 

A. The treaty of alliance between France and America, 
by which the Americans obtained a powerful ally. 

Q. Who were the American commissioners, with whom 
this treaty was negotiated ] 

A. Dr. Franklin, Silas Dean, and Arthur Lee. 

Q. When the news of this treaty reached England, what 
was immediately done by the British government 1 

A. Commissioners were immediately sent to America, 
authorized to proclaim a repeal of all the offensive statutes, 
and treat with the constituted authorities of America. 

Q. How were these commissioners received by the con- 
gress of the United States 1 

A. Their offers were at once rejected. 

Q. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia 1 

A. On the 22d of June, 1778. 

Q,. What is the meaning of evacuate? 

Q. When did the battle of Monmouth occur, with th« 
retiring army } 



(41 ; 

A. On the 28th of June. 

Q. Where is Monmouth, or Freehold ] 

A, About 20 miles S. E. of New-Brunswick. 

Q. Which party was victorious 1 

A. The Americans, in the commencement of the action, 
under General Lee, were forced to retreat, but, being rein- 
forced by the main body of the army, under General Wash- 
ington, they drove the British back to the place from which 
Lee had been driven ; but night coming on, further opera- 
tions were suspended until next morning: in the night, 
however, Clinton silently left his position, and continued 
his march to New- York. 

Q. What assistance arrived from France 1 

A. In July, Congress, which had returned to Philadel- 
phia, received a letter from the Count d'Estaing, announc- 
ing his arrival on the coast of the United States, with a 
large French fleet, which had been sent by the King of 
France, to assist them in gaining their independence. 

Q. Was anything done by the French fleet this season ? 

A. No : while making preparations to attack the British 
fleet under Admiral Howe, a furious storm came on, which 
damaged and dispersed both fleets; and, at the close of the 
'season, the French fleet sailed to the West Indies, without 
having performed any important service. 

Q. Can you describe the destruction of the settlement 
of Wyoming, in Pennsylvania] 

A. It was attacked by a band of tories and Indians ; the 
men were butchered, the houses burned, and the cattle 
driven ofl* or killed. 

Q. Where did Washington's army pass the winter ] 

A. They erected huts near Middlebrook, in New- Jersey, 
in which they passed the winter of 1778-9. 

Q. By what was the campaign of 1779 distinguished 1 

A. It was distinguished by a change of the war from 
the northern to the southern states. 

Q. What did the British effect in Georgia] 

A. They took possession of Savannah and Sunbury, the 
only two military posts in Georgia. 

Q. Who took command of the American troops, in the 
southern department] 

A. General Lincoln, 

Q. What occurred at Savannah ^ 

D2 



(42 ; 

A. A combined attack was made upon the city, by tke 
French fleet, under Count d'Estaing", and the Americans, 
under General Lincoln, but without effect. 

Q. When was New-Haven plundered, and Fairfield and 
Norwalk burned ] 

A. In the fore part of July. 

d. How are these towns situated ? 

Q. By whom was Stony Point captured, on the 15th of 
July] 

A. By General Wayne, with a detachment from the 
American army. 

Q. W^hat bloody naval battle was fought in September ? 

A. A battle on the coast of Scotland, in which Paul 
Jones, a native of Scotland, acquired the reputation of 
being the most daring of all the commanders sailing under 
the American flag. 

Q. Which party gained the victory 1 

A. The American, under Paul Jones. 

Q. At the close of the season, to what places did the 
northern army retire into winter-quarters 1 

A. One division, near Morristown, in New-Jersey ; the 
other, in the vicinity of West Point. 

Q. What place did the British besiege, in the spring of 
1780! 

A. Charleston, the capital of South Carolina. 

Q. Who commanded the American garrison at Charles- 
ton? 

A. General Lincoln. 

Q. When did Charleston surrender ] 

A. On the 11th of May, 1780. 

Q. When was the battle of Camden, in South Carolina ^ 

A. On the morning of the 16th of August. 

Q. Which party was victorious ] 

A. The British. 

Q. Who was the British commander? 

A. Lord Cornwallis. 

Q. Who the American 1 

A. General Gates. 

Q. Which party gained the victory at King's Mountain, 
^n North Carolina ] 

A. The Americans. 

Q. Who commanded the Americans, at King's Mountain? 



(43) 

A. Colonel Campbell. 

Q. What fleet and troops arrived in Julyl 

A. A numerous French fleet, commanded by De Ternay, 
arrived at Rhode-Island, to the great joy of the Americans. 

Q. What was the number of land forces on board this 
fleet, and under whose command were they ] 

A. Six thousand, under the command of Count de Ro- 
chambeau. 

Q. What plot was meditated by General Arnold 1 

A. Tie basely engaged to betray West Point into the 
hands of the British. 

d. How is West Point situated? 

Q, With whom had Arnold an interview 1 

A. Major Andre. 

Q. Can you relate the circumstances of Andre's capture] 

A. In returning to New- York, divested of his uniform, 
he was intercepted by three American soldiers, who search- 
ed him, and found a plan of the fort, and other papers, in 
Arnold's own hand-writing, concealed in his boot. 

Q. Did Andre endeavor to bribe these soldiers to let hira 
escape ] 

A. Yes : he offered them his purse and a valuable gold 
watch, to release him ; but these patriots, though poor, were 
not to be moved from their duty. 

Q. What sentence was pronounced upon Andre 1 

A. He was executed as a spy. 

Q. How much did Arnold receive, and what became of 
him] 

A. He received, as the reward of his treachery, the sum 
of 10,000 pounds, and with it escaped to the British, and 
was afterwards made a brigadier-general, in the service of 
Great Britain. 

Q. When did this event occur ] 

A. On the 22d of September, 1780. 



( 44 ) 

CHAPTER XI. 

CAPTURE OF CORNWALLIS— PEACE, &c. 

Q. Who succeeded General Gates in the command of 
the southern army 7 

A. General Greene, in the year 1781. 

Q. Which party gained the victory at the Cowpens, in 
South Carolina ] 

A. The American. 

Q. Who commanded the Americans, at the Cowpens 1 

A. General Morgan ; who was ably supported by Colo 
nels Washington, Howard, and Pickens. 

Q. Can you name the British commander 1 

A. Colonel Tarelton. 

Q. When was this battle fought '? 

A. In January, 1781. 

Q. What occurred at Guilford, in North Carolina ? 

A. Here was fought one of the severest actions during 
the war. 

Q. Which party gained the victory 1 

A. The British. 

Q. Who commanded the British 1 

A. Lord Cornwallis, 

Q. Can you name the American commander 1 

A. General Greene. 

Q. When did this battle occur T 

A. On the 15th of March, 1781. 

Q. Who commanded the British, at the battle of Cam 
den? 

A. Lord Rawdon. 

Q, Who was the American commander 1 

A. General Greene. 

Q. Which party was successful ! 

A. The British. 

Q. What occurred at Eutaw Springs'? 

A. Here General Greene defeated the main body of the 
British, which may be considered as ending the war, in 
South Carolina. 

Q. At what place did Lord Cornwallis finally fortify 
himself] 

A. At Yorktown, in Virginia. 



( 45 

CL Can you tell how Yorktown is situated? 

Q. What fleet arrived in the Chesapeake, and blockaded 
the British in Yorktown 1 

A. Count de Grasse, with a numerous French fleet, 

Q. What fleet appeared off" the capes of Virginia! 

A. Admiral Greaves, with a British fleet. 

Q. W^hat action took place 1 

A. An action took place between Admirals Greaves and 
De Grasse, which was not decisive. 

Q. What soon commenced at Yorktown 1 

A. A close siege commenced, which was carried on with 
so much vigor, by the combined forces of America and 
France, thaF Lord Cornwallis was obliged to surrender by 
capitulation. 

Q,. What is the meaning of capitulation ? 

Q. When did Cornwallis surrender 1 

A. On the 19th of October, 1781. 

Q. What was the number of the British forces that sur- 
rendered ] 

A. They exceeded seven thousand, of whom nearly 
three thousand were not fit for duty. 

JSTote. — When tlie news of this event was received at Congress, tho 
aged door-keeper fell down and expired from excess of joy. General 
Washington ordered Divine service to be performed in the different 
brigades of the army: and Congress resolved to go in procession to 
church, to return public thanks to the Father of Mercies for this signal 
victory. 

Q. Afl;er the surrender of the British, whither did Wash^ 
ington, with his forces, return ] 

A. To New- York. 

Q. How much had Great Britain expended in this con- 
test with the United States ] 

A. One hundred millions sterling, or more than four 
hundred millions of dollars ; besides fifty thousand lives. 

Q. When were pacific overtures made to the American 
government 1 

A. Early in the spring of 1782 ; when both nations de- 
sisted from hostilities. 

d. What is the meaning of pacific, and overture? 

Q. Who were the American commissioners 1 

A. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and 
John Jay. 

Q. In what city did they meet ? 

A. Paris. 



( 46 ) 

Gl. How is Paris situated ? 

Q. When was the treaty of peace signed ! 

A. On the 30th of November, 1782. 

Q. How long had the war lasted? 

A. About eight years. 

Q. When were the articles of peace ratified 1 

A. On the 3d of September, 1783. 

Q. Where was Congress in session, at this time 1 

A. At Annapolis, in Maryland. 

Q. Who was now president of Congress 1 

A. General Mifflin. 

Q. After Washington's resignation, whither did he re- 
tire 1 

A. To Mount Vernon, in Virginia. 

Q. How did Washington employ his tune, at Mount 
Vernon ? 

A. He becam.e the patron and example of ingenious and 
profitable agriculture, and a successful promoter of inland 
navigation. 

Q. What did America obtain by the contest 1 

A. That liberty and independence which was a happy 
reward for her labors and a full compensation for the 
streams of blood which her patriots had so freely shed. 

Q. What society was instituted, at the parting of the 
revolutionary ofiicers. 

A. The officers, to perpetuate their friendship, formed 
themselves into a society, which they named Cincinnati, 
after Cincinnatus, the celebrated Roman General, who, 
after having vanquished the enemies of his country, re- 
turned to the plow. 

Q. What took place on the 25th of November, 1783'? 

A. New- York was evacuated by the British ; and Wash- 
ington, accompanied by Governor Clinton, entered the city 
in grand procession. 

Q. Who first show^ed the electrical quality of lightning 1 

A. Doctor Franklin. 

Q. What invention was the result of this discovery ] 

A. The lightning-rod. 

Q. When, where, and at what age, did Franklin die 1 

A. He died in the year 1790, at Philadelphia, at the age 
»f 84. 



(47) 

CHAPTER XII. 

ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION— NATION 
AL BANK— DIFFICULTIES WITH FRANCE. 

Q. Where did an insurrection break out in 1786 1 

A. In Massachusetts, headed by Daniel Shay. 

Q. Of what did these people complain 1 

A. Heavy taxes. 

Q. What was the result 1 

A. Prudent and conciliatory measures being adopted, it 
was soon quelled. 

Q. When and where did the delegates assemble, for the 
purpose of digesting a new form of government ] 

A. On the 25th of May, 1787, in Philadelphia. 

Q. Who was chosen president of this convention ] 

A. General Washington. 

Q. How long were they deliberating, before they agreed 
on a Jiew plan of government ] 

A. About four months. 

Q. When was the constitution adopted by the people 1: 

A. After much discussion, it was adopted in the follow- 
ing year, 1788. 

Q, When and where did the first Congress meet? 

A. In April, 1789, in New- York. 

Q. Who was elected first president of the United States'! 

A. George Washington, then in his 57th year. 

Q. Who was chosen vice-president ] 

A. John Adams, of Massachusetts ] 

Q. What first claimed the attention of Congress ? 

A. To replenish the treasury. 

Q. For this purpose, what duties were laid 1 

A. Duties were laid on the importation of merchandise, 
and on the tonnage of vessels. 

Q. When was the Bank of the United States established! 

A. In the year 1790, at Philadelphia. 

Q. For how long a time was it chartered ? 

A. For twenty years. 

Q. How was the prosperity of the Union menaced ] 

A. By the opposition of the inhabitants of the western 
part of Pennsylvania, to the measures of Congress, for rais- 
ing a revenue by a tax on distilled spirits. 



(48/ 

Q. How long did disturbances continue ? 

A. From 1791 to 1794. 

Q. How were they quelled 1 

A. Washington found it necessary to send an armed 
force into the country, but happily the insurrection was 
quelled without bloodshed. 

Q. When did Vermont and Kentucky become States 1 

A. Vermont in 1791, and Kentucky in 1792. 

Q. By whom was made the first permanent settlement 
in Kentucky ? 

A. Colonel Daniel Boon. 

Q. In the time of the yellow fever, in Philadelphia, in 
1793, how many died of that disease alone ] 

A. Four thousand. 

Q. What was then the number of inhabitants in Phila- 
delphia 1 

A. Sixty thousand. 

Q. Where was war still carried on 1 

A. A remnant of the revolutionary war was still carried 
on by the Indian tribes, north-west of the Ohio river, di- 
rected chiefly against the frontiers of Kentucky. 

Q. Who finally defeated the Indians 1 

A. General VVayne, in 1794 ; and in 1795 a treaty of 
peace was concluded with ail the hostile tribes, on terms 
mutually satisfactory. 

Q. In what were the United States involved? 

A. they were unexpectedly involved in a foreign war, 
by the great convulsions of Europe. 

Q. V/hat is said of the people of France 1 

A. The people of France, emboldened by the success of 
the American revolution, had proceeded in their endeavors 
to establish a popular government, until they had dethroned 
and beheaded their unhappy king. 

Q. What did they look for from America 1 

A. A return for the aid rendered them by Louis, their 
deposed king. 

Q. Who was sent over to America from France ] 
' A. Mr. Genet. 

Q. What is said of Genet's conduct in Am.erica 1 

A. He treated the American republic more like a tribu- 
tary vassal, than a country holding a high rank among the 
independent nations. 



(49) 

Q. How was his conduct viewed by the Frencn govern- 
ment 1 

A. The French government disavowed his proceedings, 
and sent Mr. Fauchet in his place. 

Q. What course did Washington determine to pursue 1 

A. A strict neutrality. 

Q. Who succeeded General Washington, as President 
of the United States 1 

A. John Adams, of Massachusetts. 

Q, In what year did he succeed him ? 

A. In the year 1797. 

Q. Who, at the same time, was elected Vice-President 1 

A. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 

Q. How long had Washington been President ? 

A. Two terms, or eight years. 

Q. Did Congress raise an army, on account of our dis- 
putes with France ] 

A. They did. 

Q. Who was called to the command ? 

A. General Washington. 

Q. What was the result of the decisive conduct of the 
United States ? 

A. France soon made overtures of peace. . 

Q. What naval battles were fought, after orders had 
been given for capturing French armed vessels ] 

A. Commodore Truxtun, commanding the frigate Con- 
stellation, captured two French frigates, of superior force. 

Q. When were these captures made 1 

A. In the year 1799. 

Q. Were the disputes with France adjusted in an amica- 
ble manner ] 

A. They were ; and a new treaty concluded. 

Q. When and where did Washington die 1 

A. He died on the 14th of December, 1799, at Mount 
Vernon, in the 68th year of his age. 



( 50 ) 




Tomb of Washington. 






=r?^- 



t^: 



CHAPTER XIII. 

FOUNDING OF WASHINGTON— WAR WITH TRIPOLI 

Q. What had Washington advised, in regard to the seat 
of government'? 

A. That it should be removed to a more central situation 
than Philadelphia or New- York. 

Q. When v^as the seat of government removed to 
Washington 1 

A. In the year 1800, and Congress met here in December 
for the first time. 

Q. How is Washington situated? 

Q. From which city were the public offices removed T 
A. Philadelphia. 

Q, How long had Philadelphia been the seat of goverrv- 
ment 1 • 

A. Ten years* 



• ( 51 ) 

Ci. Who succeeded John Adams as president of th^ 
United States? 

A. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 

Q. Who was chosen vice-president] 

A. Aaron Burr. 

Q. In what year was this 1 

A. In 1801. 

Q. How long had John Adams been president ] 

A. Four years. 

Q. What new causes of vexation arose 1 

A. The piracies of the Barbary states. 

Q. After disputes with Tunis and Algiers had been set-' 
tied, what was demanded by Tripoli ] 

A. A tribute, which the United States were determined 
not to pay. 

Q. What was the consequence of a refusal ? 

A. The capture of several armed vessels, belonging to 
the United States. 

Q. Who was sent to the Mediterranean in the year 1802 1 

A. Commodore Dale, with three frigates and a sloop of 
war, to blockade the port of Tripoli, and protect American 
commerce. 

T. Describe the loss of the frigate Philadelphia. 
^ P. In 1803, the frigate Philadelphia ran upon a rock near 
Tripoli, and was compelled to strike her colors, and her 
officers and men were made prisoners. 

Q. By whom was she afterwards destroyed 1 

A. Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, in the year 1804. 

Q. By whom were several attacks, in the same year, 
made on the Tripolitan batteries ] 

A. In August, Commodore Preble made three attacks 
upon the Tripolitan batteries, but without much success. 

Q. How were the captive Americans treated T 

A. They -were treated with atrocious cruelty: thay 
were chained to loaded carts, and, like oxen, compelled to 
drag them through the town. 

T. Describe the expedition of 1805. 
P. Mr. William Eaton, of Massachusetts, marched at the 
head of Hamet's forces from Alexandria to Derne, a dis- 
tance of five hundred miles, over a sandy desert, and sum- 
moned the town to surrender. 
Q. Who was Hamet ] 



^52) * 

A. He was the ex-bashaw of Tripoli; who had been 
driven from the government, by the usurpation of his 
younger brother. 

Q. How many battles were fought ] 

A. Three. 

Q. What was the result? 

A. The barbarians were compelled to retreat with pre- 
cipitation, when a treaty was concluded with the reigning 
bashaw, and the American prisoners set at liberty. 

Q. Upon what terms were the prisoners set at liberty 1 

A. The payment of sixty thousand dollars. 

T. Describe the expedition of Lewis and Clark. 

P. In 1804, captains Lewis and Clark were sent to ex^ 
plorc the country. They ascended the Missouri in boats to 
the falls, a distance of three thousand miles ; thence crossed 
the rocky mountains to Columbia river, and thence to the 
Pacific ocean. 

Q. From what nation, and when, was the territory of 
Louisiana purchased ] 

A. From the French, in the year 1803. 

Q. When was the state of Louisiana formed from this 
tract? 

A. In the year 1812. 

Q. For what is the year 1807 remarkable 1 

A. For the trial of Aaron Burr, who was accused of an 
attempt to divide the western from the Atlantic states. 

Q. What was the result of this trial 1 

A. After several days' examination of witnesses, no posi^ 
tive proof appearing, he was acquitted. 

Q. W^ho had previously been killed by Aaron Burr, in a 
4ue\l 

A. Alexander Hamilton. 

Q. When and where was Hamilton killed . 

A In the year 1804, at Hoboken, in New Jersey. 



( 53 ) 

CHAPTER XIV. 
WAR WITH ENGLAND, &c. 

Q. What was one of the immediate causes of the late 

A. The practice of searching American vessels, and 
impressing such seamen as were recognized to be natives of 
Great Britain. 

Q. Was not this custom liable to abuse 1 

A. It was liable to great abuse, from the impossibility of 
distino'uishinor between British deserters and American 
citizens. 

Q. Were any of the Americans thus taken as prisoners 1 

A. Yes : aaany native-born citizens were impressed. 

Q. When and by whom was the Berlin decree issued 1 

A. In 1806, by Napoleon Buonaparte. 

Q. What was the nature of the Berlin decree] 

A. By it the French emperor declared the British Islands 
in a state of blockade, and authorized the capture of all 
neutral vessels attempting to trade with them. 

Q. What decrees were issued by the British council the 
same year 7 

A. Several European ports, under the control of France, 
were declared to be in a state of blockade ; and American 
vessels attempting to enter those ports, were captured and 
condemned. 

Q. What event occurred in June, 1807] 

A. The British ship Leopard, of 50 guns, attacked the 
frigate Chesapeake of 36, killed four men and wounded 
sixteen. 

Q. What did the President recommend towards the close 
f the year 1807 I 

A. A general embargo ; and congress immediately enact- 
ed a law, prohibiting commercial intercourse with foreign 
nations. 

Q. .Did the embargo meet with considerable opposition i-n 
the United States ? 

A. It did ; and in New England it was with difficulty 
enforced. 

Q. Was the embargo repealed ] 
A. It was, as it respected certain articles. 

E2 



r 54 ) 

Q. What restriction was substituted? 

A. A non-intercourse with France and En^.and. 

Q. Who succeeded Thomas JeiFerson, as president of the 
United States ? 

A. James Madison, in the year 1809. 

Q,. How long had Jefferson held the office 1 

A. Eight years. 

Q. When was war declared against Great Britain 1 

A. On the 18th of June, 1812. 

Q. What hastened the declaration of war T 

A. The disclosures of John Henry, who had been em- 
ployed by Governor Craig of Canada, to promote dissensions 
in the eastern states, and withdraw them from the Union. 

Q, What did Henry receive for his disclosures 1 

A. He received $50,000 for the discovery, and with the 
wages of treachery he embarked for France. 

Q. What was the first military enterprise ] 

A. The invasion of Canada by General Hull, tlie Gover- 
nor of Michigan territory. 

Q. Against w^hat post did General Hull proceed ] 

A. Fort Maiden. 

Q. On the day of the premeditated attack, what orders 
were given by General Hull ] 

A. To cross over to Detroit 

d. How is Detroit situated ? 

Q. In the meantime, what important post belonging to 
the United States did the enemy take by surprise ] 
A. Michillimackinac. 
Q,. Where is this post situated ? 

Q. Did Hull bravely defend Detroit? 

A. No : he surrendered it by a disgraceful capitulation. 

Q. What sentence was pronounced upon General Hull ] 

A. That he should be shot. 

Q. Was the sentence executed 1 

A. No: in consequence of his age and revolutionary 
services, he was pardoned ; though his name was struck 
from the roll of officers. 

Q. Of what were the British put in possession by this 
disgraceful surrender ] 

A. They were put in possession of all the public stores 



( 55) 

and arms, and the American troops were conveyed to Mon- 
treal and fort George as prisoners of war. 

Q. How were our disgraces on land compensated ] 

A. By the gallantry, and brilliant achievements of our 
naval officers. 

Q. When and by whom was the British frigate Guerriere 
captured 1 

A. On the 19th of August, 1812, by Captain Hull, who 
then commanded the Constitution. 

Q. Was there any thing remarkable with respect to this 
achievement] 

A. Yes : Great Britain had not lost a frigate, for thirty 
years, with a similar equality of force. 

Q. How many prizes were made by the Americans, 
during the first seven months of the war 1 

A. They exceeded five hundred. 

Q. What British frigate did Commodore Decatur cap- 
ture! ♦ 

A. The Macedonian. 

Q. What American fi'igate did Decatur command 1 

A. The United States. 

Q. What British frigate did Captain Bainbridge capture? 

A. The Java. 

Q. What frigate did Bainbridge then command ] 

A. The Constitution. 

Q. Where was the first interesting engagement in the 
year 1813 ? 

A. An attack on Ogdensburg by the British, on the 21st 
February. 

Q. What was the result of the attack ] 
^ A. The Americans, under Colonels Forsyth and Bene- 
dict, were compelled to evacuate the town. 

Cl. What is the meaning of evacuate? 

Q,. How is Ogdensburg situated? 

Q. How was this partial defeat soon compensated ? 

A. By the capture of York, the capital of Upper Canada. 

Q. To whom did General Dearborn intrust this service I 

A. General Pike. 

Q. What caused the death of General Pike ] 

A. The explosion of the British magazine. 

Q. What is said of his death 1 

A. He died in the arm»3 of victory. "Move on, my 



( 56 ) 

brave fellows," he exclaimed, "avenge your General," 
They instantly obeyed ; and shortly after he was gratified, 
with the sight of the British flag, which he directed to be 
placed under his head, and then contentedly expired. 

Q. When did this occur? 

A. On the 27th of iVpri], 1813. 

Q. By whom were the British repulsed from Sackett's 
Harbor ] 

A. General Brown. 

Q. What British brig did Captain Lawrence capture '^ 

A. The Peacock. 

Q. What vessel did Lawrence then command ? 

A. The Hornet. 

Q. Who commanded the frigate Chesapeake when cap- 
tured by the British 7 

A. Captain Lav/rence ; the same that had captured the 
Peacock. 

Q. What was his fate ] ^ 

A. He was mortally wounded. 

Q. What British vessel was captured by the brig Enter- 
prise ] 

A. The Boxer. 

Q. Who commanded the Enterprise? 

A. Lieutenant Burroughs. 

Q. What villages were plundered and burned by the 
British] 

A. Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Fredericktown, and 
Georgetown. 

Q,. How are these villages situated? 

Q. Were the British successful in their attack on Nor- 
folk? 

A. No: in attempting to land on Craney Island, they 
were so vigorously repulsed, that the design was abandoned 1 

Q. Whither did the British next proceed 1 

A. They next proceeded against Hampton, took posses- 
sion of the town, and treated the inhabitants with great 
barbarity. 

Q. Can you describe the victory of Major Croghan ? 

A. Yes : at the west. Major Croghan, a youth only 21 
years of age, with 160 men and one 6-pounder, defeated 500 
British under Proctor, and 800 Indians headed by Tecum 
seh and Dixon. 



( 57 ) 

Q. Who obtained a splendid victory on Lake Erie 1 

A. Commodore Perry, on the 10th of September, 1813. 

Q. What did General Harrison effect, in the battle of 
the Thames, in Canada? 

A. He defeated Proctor and Tecumseh, the latter of 
whom was slain. 

Q. By whom had Harrison been joined, before proceeding 
to Canada ] 

A. Governor Shelby, of Kentucky, with a large body of 
Kentucky militia. 

Q. What was the age of Shelby ] 

A. He was then about 70 years of agOj and had borne a 
distinguished part in the war of the Revolution. 

Q. What intelligence was received by the British flag of 
truce, in the beginning of the year 1814 1 

A. The expulsion of the French armies from Spain ; and 
that the Prince Regent of England was willing to enter on 
direct negociations for peace. 

Q, How were his proposals met by the President of the 
United States 1 

A. The President acceded to the proposal ; and Henry 
Clay, Jonathan Russell, John Q. Adams, James A. Bayard, 
and Albert Gallatin, were appointed commissioners on the 
part of the United States, to commence the pleasing business 
of reconciliation. 

A. At what place in Europe was it agreed that these 
commissioners should assemble ] 

A. At Ghent. 

Q.. How is Ghent situated? 

Q. How many armed vessels had Commodore Porter 
taken from the British, before he yielded the Essex 1 

A. Twelve, carrying more than one hundred guns. 

Q. Who captured the British brig Epervier ? 

A. Captain Warrington, who then commanded the sloop- 
of-war Peacock. 

Q. By whom were the English vessels Avon, Reindeer, 
and Atlanta, captured I 

A. By Captain Blakely, who commanded the Wasp. 

Q. Who captured the Cyane and the Levant ] 

A. Captain Stewart, commanding the Constitution. 

Q. Can you tell when the battle of Chippeway occurred I 

A. Yes : on the 4th of July, 1814. 



(58) 

Q. Which army was victorious 1 

A. The American. 

Q. Who were the respective commanders 1 

A. General Brown commanded the Americans, and 
General Riall the British. 

Q. Where is Chippeway? 

A. In Canada, between Lake Erie and Ontario. 

Q. Can you tell 'who commanded the Americans at the 
battle of Bridge water, or Niagara] 

A. General Brown, who gained the victory at Chippeway. 

Q. "^hich party was victorious ] 

A. The American. 

Q. Who commanded the British at Bladensburg ] 

A. General Ross. 

Q. Who commanded the Americans 1 

A. General Winder. 

Q. Which party gained the victory '^ 

A. The British. 

Q. When did this battle occur! 

A. On the 24th of August, 1814'? 

d. Where is Bladensburg ? 

Q. When was Washington taken 1 

A. On the evening of the 24th of August, after the bat- 
tle of Bladensburg. 

Q. What buildings did General Ross burn? 

A. The capitol, the treasury, war, and navy offices. 

Q. What other city was taken ] 

A. Alexandria ] 

Q.. How is Alexandria situated? 

Q. Which was the next city of attack 1 

A. Baltimore. 

Q. How was Baltimore defended 1 

A. It was resolutely defended ; and after a bombardment 
of 25 hours, the British retired, and the capture of the city 
was totally abandoned. 

Q. When did this occur 1 

A. On the 12th of September, 1814. 

Q. Who defeated the British on Lake Champlain 1 

A. Commodore M'Donough, on the 11th of September, 
1814. 



(59) 

Q. Who had the chief command of the forces sent 
against New-Orleans 1 

A. Sir Edward Packenham. 

Q. Who had the command of the Americans at New- 
Orleans 7 

A. General Jackson. 

Q. What was the result of the attacks of the 28th of 
December, and the 1st of January 1 

A. The British were compelled to retire. 

Q. What occurred on the 8th of January, 1815'^ 

A. The enemy were totally defeated 1 

Q. What was the total number of the British ] 

A. Fourteen thousand. 

Q. What was the number of Jackson's forces 1 

A. About six thousand. 

Q. What loss was suffered by the British 1 

A. Their loss was seven hundred killed, fourteen hun- 
dred wounded, and five hundred captured. 

Q. What was the loss of the Americans'? 

A. Thirteen killed, thirty-nine wounded, and nineteen 
missing. 

Q. Which British general fell early in the action ? 

A. General Packenham. 

Q. What was the fate of Generals Keene and Gibbs 1 

A. They were dangerously wounded, and Gibbs survived 
only a few days. 

Q. When was a treaty of peace signed at Ghent 1 

A. On the 24th of December, 1814. 

Q. When was it ratified by the Prince Regent in Engr- 
land? ^ 

A. On the 28th of December, 1814. 

Q. When w^as it signed by the President of the United 
States ] 

A. On the last of February, 1815. 

Q. How long had the war continued 7 

A. Two years and eight months, which is commonly 
called the '* Three years' war." 

Q. How much was the public debt increased by this war 1 

A. One hundred millions of dollars. 

Q. What was the amount of the whole national debt, at 
the close of the war 1 

A. About a hundred and fifty milliona 



(60 ) 

Q. On what rests security against future aggression 1 

A. On a firmer basis than the most solemn treaty ; for 
Great Britain has proved the strength and spirit of oui 
rising republic. 

Q- What was the number of the standing army, at the 
close of the war, fixed at? 

A. Ten thousand. 



CHAPTER XV. 

FLORIDA CEDED BY SPAIN— FORMATION OF NEW 
STATES, &c. 

Q. When and where was the national mint established 1 

A. In the year 1791, at Philadelphia. 

Q. When was the military academy at West Point in* 
stituted ] 

A. In 1802. 

Q. When did the charter of the first national bank 
expire ? 

A. In the year 1810. 

Q. When was organized the second national bank ] 

A. In the year 1816. 

Q. Who was the next President/? 

A. James Monroe, of Virginia. 

Q. In what year did Mr. Monroe succeed Mr. Madison, 
as President of the United States ? 

A. In the year 1817. 

Q. How long was Mr. Madison President? 

A. Eight years. 

Q. When was the war with the Seminole Indians, and 
what the result ? 

A. In the year 1818 ; and it resulted in the complete 
discomfiture of the Indians. 

Q. What city was taken by General Jackson 1 

A. Pensacola was taken from the Spaniards, in conse- 
quence of their giving protection to the Indians. 

Q. Of what crime were Arbuthnot and Armbrister found 
guilty] 

A. They were found in arms against the United Statca 

Q. What sentence was pronounced upon them 1 



( 61 ) 

A. Arbuthnot was sentenced to be hanged, and Armbris- 
ter to be shot. 

Q. What took place on the 8th of July, 1818 1 

A. The bones of General Montgomery, having been 
brought from Canada, in accordance with a resolution of 
the Legislature of New- York, were interred with funeral 
honors, under a monument erected to his memory in front 
of St. Paul's church, in the city of New- York. 

Q. Since 1812, how many states have been admitted 
into the Union ? 

A. Six, viz. Indiana, in 1816; Mississippi, in 1817; 
Illinois, in 1818 ; Alabama, in 1819 ; Maine, in 1820 ; and 
Missouri, in 1821. 

Q. When, and by whom, was Decatur killed in a duel 1 

A. In 1820, by Commodore Barron, near Washington. 

Q. How much was the regular army reduced in 1821 ? 

A. It was reduced to six thousand. 

Q. What was the strength of the navy at this time 1 

A. Eight vessels of the line, seven frigates, seven sloops, 
and ten brigs and schooners. 

Q. Can slavery exist in Indiana and Illinois 1 

A. No : it is prohibited by a law of Congress. 

Q. When and by what nation was Florida ceded to tJie 
United States] 

A. In the year 1820, by Spain. 

Q. What was the nominal price of the Floridas ? 

A. Five millions of dollars. 

Q. Was this sum paid to Spain 1 

A. No : it was apportioned among American citizens, as 
an indemnity for illegal seizures of their property in 
Spanish ports, when under the dominion of France. 

Q. When was a territorial government established for 
Florida 1 

A. In the year 1822. 

Q. Can you tell the difference between states and terri- 
tories ? 

A. States choose their own governors, and send members 
to Congress ; but territories do not. 

Q. At what ratio was fixed, the representation in Con- 
gress, in the year 1822 1 

A. At the rate of one representative for every forty 
thousand inhabitants. 



(62) 

Q. What did President Monroe recommend, at the open 
ing of Congress in December, 1822 ? 

A. He recommended the immediate organization of an 
efficient force, to suppress the pirates in the West Indies, 
and Gulf of Mexico. 

Q. Who was sent in search of the pirates ? 

A. Commodore Porter. 

Q. What success had Commodore Porter 1 

A. He made no captures ; yet he protected our com* 
merce, by frightening away the pirates. 

Q. What was the population of the United States, at the 
recording of the fourth census in 1820 1 

A. Nine millions six hundred and thirty-eight thousand. 

Q. Of these, how many were slaves'? 

A. One million five hundred and thirty thousand. 

Q. When, and by which state, was made the first law, 
for the gradual abolition of slavery ] 

A. In the year 1780, by the state of Pennsylvania. 

Q. Have similar laws since been made in any of the 
other states ] 

A. Yes : in all the states north and east of Maryland. 

Q. Can you name these states ? 

Q. How long since the importation of slaves into the 
United States has been prohibited by Congress 1 

A. Since the year 1807. 

Q. When was the English settlement at Sierra Leone 
commenced, for colonizing free people of color 1 

A. In the year 1787. 

Q,. In wliat country is Sierra Leone ? 

Q,. Tn what part ? Is it north or south of the equator? 

Q. When was the American settlement commenced at 
Liberia 1 

A. In the year 1820. 

Q. What is the object of this settlement 1 

A. To furnish a place for the colonization of the free 
Africans and emancipated slaves of the United States. 

d. Which way from Sierra Leone is Liberia ? 

Q. What remarkable personage visited the United States 
in the year 1824! 

A. The Marquis de La Fayette. 

Q. How was he received by the American people '^ 



( 63 ) 

A. He was received in the most enthusiastic manner : 
passing from one end of our happy country to the other, he 
was cheered by millions of freeborn grateful citizens, and 
illuminated cities and triumphal arches were presented to 
his view in every section through which he passed. 

Q. What was voted him by Congress, as a testimony of 
the United States' gratitude 1 

A. Two hundred thousand dollars, and a township of 
25,000 acres of land. 

Q. Who succeeded Mr. Monroe, as President of the 
United States 1 

A. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. 

Q. In what year did he succeed him 1 

A. In the year 1825. 

Q. How long had Mr. Monroe been President 1 

A. Eight years. 

Q. For what was the 4th of July, 1826, memorable 1 

A. For the death of the two venerable Ex-Presidents, 
Adams and Jefferson. 

Q. What were their respective ages 1 

A. John Adams was 91, and Thomas Jefferson 83, years 
of age. 

Q. Who succeeded John Q. Adams, as President of the 
United States 1 

A. General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. 

Q. In what year did he succeed himi 

A. In the year 1829. 

Q. What acts distinguished the commencement of Jack- 
son's administration ? 

A. An attempt to suppress duelling, by striking from the 
navy-roll four officers who had been engaged in a duel ; 
and an act for the removal of the Indians, residing in any 
of the states or territories to the west of the Mississippi. 

Q. When was recorded the fifth census of the United 
States'? 

A. In the year 1830. 

Q. What was then the number of inhabitants ] 

A. Twelve millions nine hundred and seventy-six thou- 
sand. 

Q. At what ratio was fixed the representatives in Con- 
gress, in the year 1832-3 ] 



(64) 

A. One representative for every 47,700 persons in each 
etate. 

Q. According" to this ratio, what was the number of 
representatives in Congress I 

A. Two hundred and forty ; being twenty-seven more 
than under the former ratio. 

Q. At what was the ratio fixed in 1842 1 

A. One for every 70,680, givmg 223 representatives 
to the 26 states. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES, &c. 

Q. How long have the United States been inhabited by 
white people ] 

A. For more than two centuries. 

Q. What powerful establishments existed in Europe at 
the time of the first settlement of America ? 

A. In every nation of Europe, ecclesiastical establish- 
ments existed, the officers of which were numerous, and 
their privileges extensive. 

Q. What was appropriated for their support, in early 
times 1 

A. A tenth part of the income of the laity. 

Q,. What is the meaning of laity? 

Q. Were any of these establishments transferred to 
America 1 

A. No part of these establishments have been transferred 
to America ! 

Q. In what is the contrast greatest between European 
and American systems of government 1 

A. In the demands which they make of the people for 
their support and defence. 

Q. \yhat is the annual cost of the military peace estab- 
.ishment of Great Britain? 

A. Thirty-four millions of dollars. 

Q. What that of the United States] 

A. A little more than five millions. 



(65) 

Q. What the expense of the respective naval establish- 
ments 1 

A. The naval establishment of Great Britain costs 
twenty-two millions ; that of the United States, less than 
two and a half millions, annually. 

Q. What do British subjects pay annually in taxes, 
exclusively for national purposes 1 

A. At the rate of fifteen dollars for each individual. 

Q. What do the people of the United States pay, in 
national and state taxes 1 

A. At^he rate of two dollars for each individual. 

Q. In what are the greater proportion of the inhabitants 
of the United States engaged ] 

A. In agriculture. 

Q. What number of citizens was engaged in agricul- 
ture in 1840] 

A. Three millions seven hundred thousand. 

Q. What was the amount of agricultural products 
exported in the year 1823] 

A. Thirty-seven millions six hundred and forty-six 
thousand dollars. 

Q. What was the amount of agricultural exports in the 
years 1830, 1831, and 1840] 

A. In the year 1830, 46,977,332 dollars; in 1831, 
47,261,433 dollars; and in 1840, 92,000,000 dollars. 

Q. What was the total amount of exports in 1842 ] 

A. Above 132,000,000 of dollars. 

Q. What was the amount of imports for the same year 1 

A. About 107,000,000 of dollars. 

Q. What was the amount of the public debt in 1832 1 

A. A little rising of twenty-four millions of dollars. 

Q. From what is the revenue principally derived 1 

A. From' duties on imported goods, and the sale of 
public lands. 

Q. What was the total amount of revenue in 1840] 

A. Rising of 28,000,000 of dollars. 

Q. What was the amount of expenditure in 1840] 

A. Twenty eight millions two hundred and twenty-six 
thousand dollars. 

Q. What has been the course pursued in Europe, in 
regard to education ] 

F2 



( 66 ) 

A. Large sums have been appropriated by government, 
for the purposes of education, yet nearly all has been ex- 
pended in endowing universities, in which the sons of the 
noble and rich could alone gain access. 

Q. Have the people of the United States pursued a 
similar plan 1 

A. No : desirous that none should be ignorant, their 
principal care has been to impart the advantages of instruc- 
tion to the whole mass of the population. 

Q. What law was passed in 1647, in regard to«chools 1 

A. A law was passed in Massachusetts, providing that 
a school should be kept in every town containing fifty 
families, in which all the children might be taught to read 
and write. 

Q. What is the amount of the school fund in Connecticut 
now, 1833 ] 

A. About two millions of dollars. 

Q. What was the number of children in all the school 
districts in Connecticut, in 1832 ] 

A. Eighty-five thousand. 

Q. What sum of money was divided among the school 
districts of this state, during the same year? 

A. Seventy-six thousand six hundred dollars. 

Q. What was the amount of the school fund in New- 
York, in 18321 

A. The productive capital was one million seven hun- 
dred thousand dollars, besides 869,000 acres of land. 

Q. What was the number of scholars in the common 
schools of this state, in 1832 ] 

A. Five hundred and six thousand. 

Q. What has the national government done in regard to 
education 1 

A. In offering the unappropriated land of the United 
States for sale, there has been reserved in every township 
one section, corr>prising 640 acres, for the support of schools. 

Q. Which is the oldest college in the United States, and 
when was it founded 1 

A. Harvard; founded in the year 1638, only eighteen 
years from the settlement of Plymouth. 

Q. When was Yale College founded ? 

A. In the year 1700. 



( 67 ) 

Q. How many colleges are there in the United States 
now, 1843 T 

A. About one hundred. 

Q. What celebrated inventors may America boast ofl 

A. America may boast of her Godfrey, whose quadrant 
as been almost as serviceable, as the compass, to naviga- 
tion ; of her Franklin, who has made our dwellings com- 
fortable within, and protected them from the lightnings of 
heaven; of her Whitney, whose cotton-gin has added 
greatly to the product of that article ; of her Whittemore, 
the inventor of the wonderful machine for making cards; 
of her Perkhis, the inventor of the nail machine ; and of 
her Fulton, who has rendered the power of steam subser- 
vient to the purposes of navigation. 

Q. Who are her most eminent historians ] 

A. Marshall, Ramsay, Belknap, and Williams ; the works 
of Franklin, and the Annals of Home, are also works of 
sterling merit. 

Q. Can you mention the most celebrated theological 
writers 1 

A. Yes: Edwards, Hopkins, Dwight, Lathrop, Davies. 
Kollock, and Miller, are justly celebrated. 

Q. What American painters have acquired a high repu 
tation ] 

A. Benjamin West, Leslie, Copley, Stuart, and Trumbull. 

Q. How often does the population of the United States 
double! 

A. It doubles in less than twenty-five years. 

Q. How often does the population of Great Britain 
double ! 

A. Once in eighty years. 

Q. In reviewing our history, what questions seem natu- 
rally to arise ? 

A. Who of our ancestors anticipated results from their 
toil, so great and stupendous as those which we behold! 
Who of them predicted, that they were commencing an 
empire that, within two centuries, would extend thousands 
of miles, and embrace a population of twelve millions'! 
Who then thought of cities a thousand miles from the 
Atlantic, with their busy population ! Yet, all this, and far 
more, has been brought to pass. 



I 68 ) 

Q. In what manner did the branch planted by our an 
eestors, acquire stability? 

A. It has acquired stability by oppression, and gathered 
Knportance from the efforts made to crush it. 




Arms of Massachusetts. 



(69) 



A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 

OF 

AMERICAN EVENTS, 

FROM 

THE DISCOVERY, IN 1492, TO THE YEAR 1843. 



A. D. 

1492 America discovered by Christopher Columbus. 

1490 John Cabot explores the coast of Labrador. 

1497 Newfoundland discovered by John Cabot. 

1521 Mexico built by the Spaniards. 

1584 Virginia discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh. 

1607 First English settlement in America, at Jamestown, 

in Virginia. 

1608 Quebec founded. 

1610 Hudson Bay discovered. 

1614 New- York settled. 

1620 Settlement of Plymouth, Massachusetts. 

1623 New-Hampshire settled. 

1624 New- Jersey settled. ^ 
1627 Delaware settled. 

1633 Connecticut settled. 

1634 Maryland settled. 
1636 Rhode Island settled. 

1639 The first printing press established in America, at 

Cambridge. 
1650 North and South Carolina settled. 
1681 Pennsylvania settled. 
•1700 Yale College founded. 
1704 First newspaper published in America, at Boston. 
1732 February 22, George Washington born. 

Georgia settled. 

1745 June 6, Louisburg and Cape Breton taken by the 

British troops. 
1755 Defeat of General Braddock. 

1759 September 17, General Wolfe takes Quebea 

1760 Montreal taken by the British. 



(70) 

A. D. 

1765 Stamp Act passed. 

1775 April 19, battle of Lexington. 
June 17, battle of Bunker's hill. 

1776 March 17, British evacuate Boston. ' 

July 2, Constitution of New- Jersey adopted, 

4, INDEPENDENCE proclaimed. 

5, Constitution of Virginia adopted. 
August 4, Constitution of Maryland adopted. 

27, battle of Flatbush, (L. L) 
30, New- York evacuated. 

November 16, capture of Fort Washington. 

28, Washington crosses the Delaware. 
December 26, battle of Trenton. 

1777 January 3, battle of Princeton. 

April 20, Constitution of New- York adopted. 
July 6, Tieonderoga taken. 
August 16, battle of Bennington. 
September 11, battle of Brandywine. 

19, battle of Stillwater. 

20, defeat of General Wayne. 
27, Howe enters Philadelphia. 
October 4, battle of German town. 
17, surrender of Burgoyne. 

22, British defeated at Red Bank. 

December 18, Constitution of N. Carolina adopted. 

1778 February 6, treaty with France. 
June 18, battle of Monmouth. 
August 29, battle of Rhode Island. 
December 29, British take Savannah. 

1779 May 12, siege of Charleston. 
July 16, Stony Point taken. 

August 29, Sullivan defeats the Indians. 

1780 March 2, Constitution of Massachusetts adopted. 

21, Charleston (S. C.) besieged. 
May 12, Charleston surrenders. 
June 23, battle of Springfield. 
August 6, Sumpter defeats the British. 
16, first battle of Camden. 
September 21, Arnold's desertion. 
October 7, battle of King's Mountain. 
November 20, Sumpter defeats Tarleton. 



(71) 

A.. D. 

1781 January 1, revolt of Pennsylvania line, 
17, battle of the Cowpens. 

March 1, articles of Confederation signed by Mary- 
land, 

17, battle of Guilford. 

April 23, Fort Watson taken. 

25, second battle of Camden. 

June 18, siege of Ninety-six laid. 

September 5, naval engagement between the French 
and English. 

6, New-London burnt by the British. 

8, battle of Eutaw Springs. 

30, Yorktown invested. 

October 17, Cornwaliis surrenders, 

1782 May 21, Wayne defeats the British. 
October 8, treaty with Holland. 
November 5, the America, 74, launched. 
30, articles of Peace agreed on. 

Bank of North America established. 

1783 The Independence of the United States generally 

acknowledged in Europe, 
September 23, definitive treaty of Peace. 
November 3, the Army disbanded. 
25, New- York evacuated. 
The Society of Cincinnati formed. 

1784 The first voyage to China. 
Population of Massachusetts, 357,510 

1785 Treaty of Commerce with Prussia. 
University of Georgia founded. 

1786 Insurrection in Massachusetts. 

September 14, the first meeting of the Convention at 

Annapolis. 
20, insurrection in Nev/ -Hampshire. 
November, Shay's insurrection breaks out. 
Majar-General Greene died. 

1787 January 25, Massachusetts insurgents repulsed. 
May 17, Federal Convention meets. 
September 17, Constitution determined on. 

1788 The new Constitution ratified by all the States, ex- 

cept Rhode Island. 
John Ledvardj the traveller, die& 



( 72 ) 

A- U. 

1789 March 3, the first Congress, under the new Constitu- 

tion, meets. 

George Washington inaugurated President, and John 
. Adams Vice-President 

May 29, Rhode Island accedes to the new Confedera- 
tion. 

The first Episcopal Conventionc and the first Presby- 
terian Synod, meet. The first Catholic bishop 
consecrated. 

Died this year, Ethan Allen, Lord Howe, and General 
Knyphausen. 

1790 Treaty concluded with the Creeks. 

First census taken : Population of the United States, 
8,929,326. 

The territory south of the Ohio ceded to the United 
States, and a territorial government erected therein. 

The present Constitutions of Pennsylvania and South 
Carolina established. 

September 30, General Harmar defeated. 

December 6, Kentucky authorized to form a State 
Constitution. 

Died this year, Benjamin Franklin, William Living- 
ston, and General Putnam. 
It 1*91 February 18, Vermont admitted into the Union. 

March 3, Bank of the United States incorporated. 

Mint established by Congress. 

Revenue of the United States, $4,771,200. 

Expenditure, $3,797,436. 

Exports from New- York, $2,505,465. 

Militia of South Carolina, 24,435. 

November 4, St. Clair defeated. 

1792 June 1, Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

The present Constitutions of Delaware and, New- 
Hampshire adopted. 

The Bank of Pennsylvania established. 

Exports from Charleston, $2,917,979. 

Died this year, Henry Laurens, of S. Carolina, and 
General Burgoyne. 

1793 March 3, Washington again inaugurated President. 

and Adams Vice-President, 



(73) 

A. D. 

1793 April 29, the President issues a proclamation of neu- 

trality. 
Yellow fever rages in Philadelphia. 
The taxables of Pennsylvania amount to 91,177. 

Those of Philadelphia to 7,088. 
Exports this year, twenty-six millions. 
Died this year, John Hancock, Arthur Lee, Roger 

Sherman, and John Manly. 

1794 A naval armament fitted out against the Algerines. 
An insurrection breaks out in the western part of 

Pennsylvania. 
An embargo laid for thirty days. 
August 20, General Wayne defeats the Indians at the 

Miami. 
October, Western insurrection suppressed. 
November 19, Treaty of Commerce, &c. concluded 

with Great Britain. 
Died this year. General Sullivan, Baron Steuben, Dr. 

Witherspoon, and Richard Henry Lee. 

1795 Georgia passes an act for the sale of its western ter- 

ritory. 
Treaties concluded with Algiers, Spain, and the N. 

W. Indians. 
Exports, forty-seven millions of dollars. 
Richmond contains 4000 persons. 
Value of imports into Baltimore this year, 5,811,379 

dollars. 
Died this year, General Marion, and President Stiles, 

of Yale College. 

1796 June 1, Tennessee admitted into the Union. 
W^ashington declines a re-election. 
Albany contains 6021 inhabitants. 
Congress ratifies the British treaty. 

Died this year, Anthony Wayne, David Rittenhouse, 
and Samuel Huntington, formerly President of 
Congress. 

1797 January, Treaty concluded with Tripoli. 

John Adams elected President, and Thomas Jeflfersmi . 

Vice-President. 
June 5, new embassy sent to France. 
Exports above fifty-seven millions. 
G 



(74) 

A. D. 

1797 July, Congress declares the treaties with France 

annulled. 
Yellow fever in Philadelphia. 

1798 May, Congress passes an act for raising a provisional 

army. 

July, Washington appointed Lieutenant General and 
Commander-in-Chief. 

Transylvania University, in Kentucky, founded. 

Great fires in Wilmington, (N. C.) in April and 
November of this year. 

The yellow fever prevails in Philadelphia and New- 
York. 

1799 A new embassy appointed to negotiate with France. 
Treaties concluded with the bey of Tunis and king 

of Prussia. 
February 10, Insurgente, French frigate, taken by 

the Constellation. 
The American navy consists of 42 vessels, carrying 

950 guns. 
The seat of government of Pennsylvania removed to 

Lancaster. 
The militia of the U. States amounted to 854,000. 
December 14, George Washington died, aged 68. 

1800 A convention with France concluded. 
Population of the United States by the second census, 

5,305,482. 
May 30, provisional army disbanded. 
The seat of ofovernment of the U. States removed to 

Washington. 
The Mississippi territory erected into a separate 

government. 
Vaccination introduced. 
Indiana Territory constituted. 
Constitution of Kentucky adopted. 

1801 Thomas Jefferson chosen President, and Aaron Bun 

Vice-President. 
Value of exports, upwards of ninety-three millions, 

and amount of duties 20,000,000 of dollars. 
University of Athens, in Georgia, established. 
June 10, War declared against Tripoli by Con^'C^^ 



(75) 

A. D. 

1801 Two hundred newspaper establishments in the United 

States. 

1802 Louisiana ceded to France by Spain. 
New-Orleans closed against the United States. 
Ohio admitted into the Union. 

June 16, a treaty concluded with the Creek Indians 
Merino sheep first brought into the United States. 
Revenue of the United States fifteen millions. 
Washington contains 4,350 persons. 
Died this year,. General Daniel Morgan, aged 66. 

1803 Louisiana purchased from France. 

Treaty concluded with the Indians at Fort Wayne, 
by which two millions of acres are ceded to the 
United States. 

October 31, the frigate Philadelphia strikes on a rock 
in the harbor of Tripoli, and is taken. 

Died this year, Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts. 

1804 Brown University, in Rhode Island, established. 
The Middlesex Canal completed. 

February 16, the Philadelphia frigate burnt by 

American volunteers. 
August, Tripoli bombarded by the Americans. 
A great part of the town of Norfolk, (Va.) consumed 

by fire. 
Died this year, Major-General Schuyler, Alexander 

Hamilton, and Doctor Priestley. 

1805 Thomas Jefferson re-elected President, and George 

Clinton chosen Vice-President. 

April 27, Derne, in Africa, taken by General Eaton. 

June, a treaty of Peace concluded with Tripoli. 

A treaty concluded at Fort Industry with the Indians; 

The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts foundea. 

Died, Lord Cornwallis. 
806 Disputes with Spain respecting the boundaries of 
Louisiana, and with England and France respect- 
ing neutral rights. 

May, the British paper blockades commence. 

November, the Berlin decree issued. 

Joseph Pierce, an American citizen, killed by a shot 
from a British frigate. 



(76) 

A. D. 

1806 A convention concluded with England, but not ratified 

by the American government. 

1807 January 27, Aaron Burr arrested for a conspiracy. 
June 22, the frigate Chesapeake attacked by a British 

vessel of war. 
British armed vessels forbidden to enter American 

ports. 
November 11, Orders in Council issued. 
December 17, the Milan decree issued. 
22, a general embargo laid. 

1808 Commodore Barron, of the Chesapeake, tried, ai.d 

sentenced to be suspended for five years. 
Mr. Rose sent Envoy Extraordinary from Great Bri- 
tain. 

1809 James Madison elected President, and George Clinton 

Vice-President. 

April 12, Congress passes an act for raising an addi- 
tional force. 

April 23, treaty concluded Vv^ith Erskine, the British 
Envoy, which Great Britain refuses to ratify. 

October, Mr. Erskine recalled, and succeeded by Mr. 
Jackson. ' 

November, Mr. Jackson dismissed by the President. 

The Embargo Law repealed, 

1810 May 10, Non-Intercourse Law passed. 
Discussions continue with France and England. 
November 1, the Berlin and Milan decrees rescinded. 
Population of the United States, by the third census, 

7,239,903. 

1811 May, engagement between the President and Little 

Belt. 
Mr. Foster succeeds Mr. Erskine, as minister from 

England. 
Great tornado at Charleston. 
The Non-Intercourse Law rescinded as regards 

France. 
November 7, a body of Indians defeated at Tippecanoe 

by the Americans under General Harrison. 
The territory of Louisiana admitted into the Union. 
Reparation made by the British for the attack on the 

Chesapeake. 



( 77 ) 

1812 January 11, additional force of 35,000 men authorized. 
Loan of eleven millions authorized. 
Detachment of militia not exceeding 100,000 author- 
ized. 
June 18, war declared against Great Britain by the 

United States. 
23, Orders in Council revoked. 
July 12, General Hull invades Canada. 
August 9, Battle of Brownstown. 
13, British ship-of-war Alert, taken by the Essex. 
Surrender of Fort Mackinaw. 

16, General Hull capitulates. 

19, Guerriere, British frigate, taken by the Constitu- 
tion. 

September, General Harrison takes command of the 
North- Western army. 

3, attack on Fort Harrison. 

October 8, brigs Detroit and Caledonia taken by a 
party of American volunteers. 

13, unsuccessful attack on Queenstown by the Ameri- 
can troops. 

14, abortive expedition of General Hopkins. 

17, British ship Frolic captured by American ship 
Wasp. Both vessels afterwards taken by the Poic- 
tiers, 74. 

25, Macedonian frigate taken by the United States. 
November, unsuccessful operations of General Smyth. 
December 29, Java, British frigate, taken by the 

Constitution. 
1813 January, the array and navy ordered to be increased 

by Congress. 
13, General Winchester surprised and defeated by 

the enemy. 
February 23, British ship Peacock, taken by the 

Hornet. 
March 4, James Madison inaugurated President, and 

Elbridge Gerry Vice-President. 
April 15, Mobile taken by a body of the American 

army. 
27, York, in Upper Canada, taken. 
General Pike killed. 

G2 



( 78 ) 

A. D. 

1813 May, Fort Meigs besieged by the British. General 

Clay defeated. 

27, Fort George taken by the American troops. 

29, British defeated in an attempt on Sackett's Har 

bor. 
June 1, Chesapeake frigate taken by the British fri 

gate Shannon. 

5, Generals Chandler and Winder taken prisoners a 
Stoney Creek. 

23, Admiral Cockburn defeated at Craney Island. 
June 24, Colonel Boerstler taken. 

25, Hampton taken by the British. 
August 1, Fort Sandusky unsuccessfully attacked by 
the allied British and Indian force. 

14, United States' brig Argus taken by the British 
ship Pelican. 

September 4, British brig Boxer taken by United 
States' brig Enterprise. 

10, British squadron on Lake Erie taken by the 
Americans. 

October 5, British army defeated and taken by Gene- 
ral Harrison. 
November 1, expedition against Montreal. 

11, battle of Williamsburg. 
19, Fort Niagara taken. 

1814 February 23, mission to Gottenburg. 

March 20, frigate Essex taken by two British vessels. 
April 21, United States ship Frolic taken. 

28, Epervier taken by the Peacock. 

July 3, Fort Erie taken by General Brown. 

6, battle of Chippeway. 
25, battle of Bridgewater. 
August 9, attack on Stonington. 

15, battle of Fort Erie. 

24, battle of Bladensburg. 
Capture of Washington. 
September 1, Avon taken by the Wasp. 

11, British squadron on Lake Champlain captured by 
the American squadron under Commodore M'Do- 
nough. Defeat of the British at Plattsburg. 

24, treaty of Peace signed at Ghent. 



(79) 

A. D. 

1814 December 28, British repulsed at New-Orleans. 

1815 January 1, second repulse of the British. 
8, signal defeat of the British. 

15, United States' frigate President taken by a British 
squadron. 

February 17, treaty of Peace ratified. 

20, Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution. 

War declared against the Algerines. 

April, massacre of the American prisoners at Dart- 
moor, in England. 

May, Commodore Decatur sails with a squadron to 
Algiers. 

June 18, an Algerine frigate of 44 guns captured by 
the Guerriere. 

August, the Franklin, 74, launched. 

Treaty of Peace concluded v/ith the Dey of Algiers. 

1816 April, a national bank established by Congress, with 

a capital of thirty-five millions. 
October, a treaty concluded by General Jackson with 

the Indians. 
December, Indiana Territory admitted into the Union 

as a state. 

1817 January 1, the United States' Bank opened for busi- 

ness at Philadelphia. 

March 4, James Monroe inaugurated President, and 
D. D. Tompkins Vice-President. 

December 11, the Mississippi territory admitted into 
the Union. 
1S18 War with the Seminole Indians commenced. 

April, the Serainoles defeated and dispersed by Gene- 
ral Jackson. 

May 1, Arbuthnot and Armbrister tried, and after- 
wards executed by order of General Jackson. 

28, General Jackson takes possession of Pensacola. 

November, Pensacola restored to the Spaniards, by 
order of the American government. 

December 4, Illinois territory admitted into the Union. 
1819 The Arkansas territory organized by act of Congress. 

February 23, a treaty for the cession of Florida, signed 
at Washington, and ratified by the United States. 

May, the first steam-ship sails for Europe. 



(80) 

A.D. 

1819 August, the King of Spain refuses to ratify the Fieri' 

da treaty. 
23, Commodore Perry dies in the West Indies. 
December, the Alabama territory admitted into the 

Union. 
Population of the city and county of New- York, 

119,657. 

1820 Population of the United States, 9,625,734. 
Maine admitted into the Union as a state. 
American Colonization Society sent out their first 

colonists to Liberia. 

1821 Missouri admitted into the Union as a state. 

Elias Boudinot, President of the American Bible 

Society, dies. 
Massacre of the Greeks at Scio. 

1824 The Marquis de La Fayette visited the United States. 
American Sunday School Union instituted at Phila- 
delphia. 

1825 March 4, John Quincy Adams inaugurated President 

of the United States. 
American Tract Society instituted in New- York. 

1826 July 4, the Ex-Presidents John Adams and Thomas 

Jefferson died. 
American Temperance Society instituted at Boston. 
American Home Missionary Society organized. 

1829 March 4, Andrew Jackson inaugurated President of 

the United States. 

1830 An act passed by Congress, to remove the Indians 

residing in any of the states or territories to the 
west of the Mississippi. 
Population of the United States, 12,866,020. 

1832 The United States visited with the Cholera. 

1833 Andrew Jackson commences his second term as Pre- 

sident of the United States. 
May 20, Death of General Lafayette. 
Removal of the government deposites, from the 

United States Bank to the state banks. 
Chickasaws and Choctaws emigrate. 
1835 Sept. Wisconsin made a territory. 
Arkansas admitted into the Union. 
Specie circular. 



( 81 )* 

A. D. 

Great fire in New York. 
1835-7 Mania for land speculation. 

Dec. 31, General Clinch's battle of the Withla- 
coochee. 

1836 February 29, General Gaines's battle. 
May, the Creeks m'ake war upon the whites. 

1837 Michigan admitted into' the Union. 
March 4, Van Buren inaugurated. 
Great pecuniary distress. 

May 10, the banks stop specie payments. 

1838 Canadians revolt, and are aided by the Americans. 
1841 March 4, Wm. H. Harrison inaugurated. 

April 4, death of President Harrison. 
1843 August 5, great flood and tornado at Philadelphia 
and various parts of the United States. 



QUESTIONS ON THE PRECEDING TABLE. 

1. Can you mention in order the events that occurred in 
the American history, from 1492 to 1607 1 

2. From 1607 to 1620, mentioning the year in which 
each event occurred 1 

3. From 1620 to 1650, in the same manner? 

4. From 1650 to 17321 

5. From 1732 to 1760] ^ 

6. From 1760 to 1776? 

7. Mention the principal events of '76 in order. 

8. In the same manner, the events of '77. 

9. The events of '78. 

[In the same manner, let the pupil be questioned to the end of 
he table.] 



(82) 



MEDICAL SCHOOLS. 



Name. 


Place. 


Lectures com. 


Maine Medical Scliool, 


Brunswick, 


February. 


Waterville Medical School, 


Waterville, 


1st Th. March. 


N. Hampshire Medical School, 


Hanover, 


2 weeks a ft. Com. 


Vermont Med. School, Univ. Vt. 


Burlington, 


2d Wed. Sept. 


Vt. Academy of Medicine. 


Castleton, 


8d Thurs.inAug. 


Mass. Med. School, Harv. Univ. 


Boston, 


3d Wed. Oct. 


Berkshire Med. Inst. Wms. Col. 


Pittsfield, 


1st Thurs. Sept. 


Medical School, Yale College, 


New- Haven, 


last week in Oct. 


Col. Phys. and Surgeons, N. York, 


New-York, 


1st Mond. Nov. 


Col. Phys. and Surg., West. Dist. 


Fairfield, 




Med. Dep. Jef. Col., Canonsburg, 


Philadelphia, 


1st Mond. Nov. 


Medical Dep. Univ. Pennsylvania. 


Philadelphia, 




Medical Dep. Univ. Maryland, 


Baltimore, 


last Mond. Oct. 


Medical Dep. Columbian College, 


Dist. Columbia, 


1st Mond. Nov. 


Medical Dep. Univ. Virginia, 


Charlottesville, 


September. 


Medical Col., Charleston, S. C. 


Charleston, 


2d Mond. Nov. 


Medical Col. Trans. Univ. 


Lexington, 




Medical College of Ohio, 


Cincinnati, 


1st Mond. Nov. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



Denominations. 



Calvinistic Baptists, 

Methodist Episcopal Church, 

Presbyterian, General Assembly, , 
Congregationalists, Orthodox,.. . . 
Protestant Episcopal Church,. . . 

Universalists, 

Roman Catholics, 

Lutherans, 

Christian s, 

German Reformed, 

Friends, or duakers, 

Unitarians, Congregationalists^ . 
Associate and other Methodists, . 

Free-will Baptists, 

Dutch Reformed, 

Mennonites, 

Associate Presbyterians 

Cumberland Presbyterians, 

Tunkers, 

Free Communion Baptists, 

Seventh-day Baptists, 

Six-Principle Baptists 

United Brethren, or Moravians, . 
Millennial Church, or Shakers, . . 

New Jerusalem Church, 

Emancipators, Baptists, 

Jews, and others not mentioned. 



Min. 



2,914 
1,777 
1,80] 
1,000 

558 
150 

205 
200 

84 

160 

350 

300 

159 

200 

74 

50 

40 

30 

30 

25 

23 

45 

30 

15 



Ch. or 
Cong. 

4,384 

2,253 

1,381 

922 

300 
784 
1,200 
800 
400 
462 
193 

400 
602 

144 
75 
40 

40 
30 
23 
15 

28 

150 



Commu- 
nicants. 



304,82 
476,000 
182,017 
140,000 



44,000 
25,000 
17,400 



35,000 

16,000 

17.888 

30,000 

15,000 

8,000 

3,000 

3,500 

2,000 

1,800 

2,000 



600 



Population. 
Estimate. 



2,743,453 

2,600,000 

1,800,000 

1,260,000 

600,000 

500,000 

800,000 

400,000 

275,000 

200,000 

200,000 

176,000 

175,000 

150,000 

125,000 

120,000 

100,000] 

100.000 

30,000 

.30,000 

20,000 

20,000 

7,000[ 

6,000 

5.000 

4,500 

50,000 



(83) 



UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES 

IN THE 

UNITED STATES. 




29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
'46 
47 



Bowdoin College, 

Waterville,* 

Dartmouth, 

University of Vermont, 

Middlebury, 

Norwich University, 

Harvard University, 

Williams, 

Amherst, 

Brown University,* 

Yale, 

Washington,! 

Wesleyan University ,$ 

Columbia,f 

Union, 

Hamilton, 

Hamilton Lit. andTheol.* 

Geneva,! 

University of New York, 

College of New Jersey, 

Rutgers, 

University of Pennsylvan. 

Dickinson,$ 

Jefferson, 

Washington, 

Allegheny,t 

Western University, 

Pennsylvania, 

Lafayette, 

Marshall, 

Newark, 

St. John's, 

St. Mary's,^ 

Mount St. Mary's, $ 

Mount Hope, 

Georgetown, $ 

Columbian,* 

William and Mary,| 

Hampden Sidney, 

Washington, 

University of Virginia, 

Randolph Macon, t 

University of N. Carolina, 

Davidson, 

College of South Carolina, 

University of Georgia, 

Oglethorpe, 



Brunswick, • Me. 
Waterville, do. 

Hanover, N. H. 
Burlington, Vt. 

Middlebury, do. 

Norwich, do: 

Cambridge, Mass. 
Williamstown, do. 
Amherst, do. 

Providence, R. I. 

New Haven, Con. 
Hartford, do. 

Middletown, do. 

New York, N. Y. 
Schenectady, do. 
Clinton, do. 

Hamilton, do. 

Geneva, do. 

New York do. 

Princeton, N. J. 
N. Brunswick, do. 

Philadelphia, Penn. 
Carlisle, do. 

Canonsburg, do. 

Washington, do. 
Meadville, do. 

Pittsburg, do. 

Gettysburg, do. 

Easton, do. 

Mercersburg, do. 

Newark, Del. 

Annapolis, Md. 
Baltimore, do. 

Emmetsburg, do. 
Near Baltimore, do. 

Georgetown, D. C. 
Washington, do. 
Williamsburg, Va. 
Prince Ed. Co. do. 
Lexington, do. 

Charlottesville, do. 
Boydton, do. 

Chapel-Hill, N. C. 
Mecklenburg Co. do. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Athens, Geo. 
Midway, do. 

[Table continued on 



Vols, in 
College 
Lib'ries. 



8,000 
4,500 
6,000 
6,200 
2,330 
1,000 

44,000 
3,000 
4,300 
6,000 

10,500 
2,000 
3,000 
8,000 
5,350 
2,500 
1,600 
1,200 

7,000 

3,000 

2,000 

3,000 

1,000 

2,400 

8,000 

225 

500 

425 

' 600 

2,700 

12,000 

7,000 

12,000 
4,000 
3,600 
5,000 
1,500 

15,000 

3,000 

10,000 
4,500 



1794 
1820 
1770 
1791 
1800 
1834 
1668 
1793 
1821 
1764 
1700 
1824 
1831 
1754 
1795 
1812 
1819 
1823 
1831 
1746 
1770 
1755 
1833 
1802 
1806 
1833 
1819 
1832 
1832 
1836 
1833 
1784 
1799 
1830 
1832 
1789 
1821 
1693 
1783 
1812 
1819 
1832 
1791 
1837 
1804 
1785 
1838 

page 84.] 



(84) 

Continued, 



48 


Name. 


Place. 


Vols, in 
College 
Lib'ries. 


Found- 
ed. 


University of Alabama, 


Tuscaloosa, 


Ala. 


3,500 


1828 


49 


Lagrange,t 


Lagrange, 


do. 


200 


1831 


60 


Spring Hill,$ 


Spring Hill, 


do. 


. 


1830 


51 


Jefferson, 


Washington, 


Mi, 


2,000 


1802 


52 


Oakland, 


Oakland, 


do. 


, 


1831 


53 


Mississippi, 


Clinton, 


do. 


1,000 


1830 


54 


Kemper, 


Kemper Co. 


do. 






55 


Louisiana, 


Jackson, 


La. 


1,200 


1825 


56 


Jeffer^son, 


St. James Par. 


do. 


1,008 


1831 


57 


Greenville, 


Greenville, 


Tenn. 


4,000 


1794 


58 


Washington, 


Washington Co 


. do. 


500 


1794 


5^ 


University of Nashville, 


Nashville, 


do. 


2,200 


1806 


60 


East Tennessee, 


Knoxville, 


do. 


3,000 


1807 


61 


Jackson, 


Near Columbia, 


do. 


1,250 


1830 


62 


Transylvania, 


Lexington, 


Ken. 


2,400 


1798 


63 


St. Joseph's,^ 


Bardstown, 


do. 


5,000 


1819 


64 


Centre, 


Danville, 


do. 


1,600 


1822 


65 


Augusta,$ 


Augusta, 


do. 


2,000 


1825 


66 


Cumberland, 


Princeton, 


do. 


500 


1825 


67 


Bacon,* 


Georgetown, 


do. 


1,200 


1836 


68 


St. Mary's, $ 


Marion Co. 


do. 


. 


1822 


69 


University of Ohio, 


Athens, 


Ohio. 


1,300 


1821 


70 


Miami University, 


Oxford, 


do. 


1,618 


1809 1 


71 


Franklin, 


New Athens, 


do. 


500 


1825 


72 


Western Reserve, 


Hudson, 


do. 


3,500 


1826 


73 


Kenyon,! 


Gambier, 


do. 


4,643 


1S26 


74 


Granville,* 


Granville, 


do. 


3,000 


1832 


75 


Marietta, 


Marietta, 


do. 


3,000 


1832 


76 


Oberlin Institute, 


Oberlin, 


do. 




1834 


77 


Cincinnati, 


Cincinnati, 


do. 




1819 


78 


Woodward, 


Cincinnati, 


do. 






79 


Indiana, 


Bloomington, 


Ind. 


600 


1827 


60 


South Hanover, 


South Hanover, 


do. 


, 


1829 


81 


Wabash, 


Crawfordsville, 


do. 


. 


1833 


82 


Illinois, 


Jacksonville, 


111. 


1,500 


1830 


83 


Shurtleff,* 


Upper Alton, 


do. 


1,000 


1835 


84 


M'Kendrean,J 


Lebanon, 


do. 


. 


1834 


85 


M'Donough, 


Macomb, 


do. 


, 


1837 


86 


University of St. Louis, $ 


St. Louis, 


Mo. 


7,500 


1829 


87 


St. Mary's, 


Barrens, 


do. 


6,000 


1830 


88 


Marion, 


New Palmyra, 


do. 


1,000 


1831 


89 


Columbia, 


Columbia, 


do. 


. . 


1835 


90 


St. Charles,! , 


St. Charles, 


do. 






91 


Fayette, 


Fayette, 


do. 






92 


Michigan University, 


Ann Arbour, 


Mich. 


. . 


1837 


93 


Marshall, 




do. 







Remarks —The Colleges marked thus (*) are under the direction of the 
Baptists; thus (f) Episcopalians; thus($) J^lethodists f thus ($) Catholics. 

Which is the oldest university in the United States 1 The next old- 
est '? In what years were these founded 1 Which has the largest libra- 
ry } The next largest '\ What universities or colleges are in your state i 



(85) 



TABULAR VIEW OF EDUCATION 

IN THE 

UNITED STATES AND EUROPE. 

The number of Academical Students in the United States 
is here estimated at 3,475 ; Theological Students, 663 ; 
Legal, 130 ; Medical, not far from 2,000. They belong to 
tlie several States as here apportioned/ 



Jimerican States. 



Massachusetts, - 
Connecticut, 
New Hampshire, 
Vermont, - - 
Maine, - - - 
New Jersey, 
South Carolina, 
Pennsylvania, - 
New York, - - 
Rhode Island, - 
Maryland, - - 
Virginia, - - 
Kentucky, - - 
Georgia, - - - 
Mississippi, - - 
North Carolina, 
Tennessee, - - 
Ohio, - - - - 
Louisiana, - - 
Delaware, - - 
Alabama, - - 
Missouri, - - 
Indiana, - - - 
Illinois, - - - 



No.of 


Proportion 


Stud. 


to Inhab. 


770 




792 


327 




960 


241 




1,118 


186 




1,509 


238 




1,611 


193 




1,661 


325 




1,789 


688 




1,928 


986 




1,940 


50 




1,944 


175 




2,554 


457 




2,650 


249 




2,766 


173 




2,985 


45 




3,040 


233 




3,170 


211 




3,245 


285 




3,290 


46 


1 


3,335 


23 


1 


3,336 


84 


1 


3,634 


28 




5.003 


65 




5,101 


28 




5,624 



H 



[Table continued on page 86.] 



(86) 



TABULAR VIEW OF EDUCATION— Conti7iued. 



European Countries. 

Scotland, 

Baden, 

Saxony, 

England, 

Hanover, 

Bavaria, 

Tuscany, ------- 

Spain, 

Prussia, -------- 

Wurtemberg, - - - - - 

Sweden and Norway, - - - 

Portugal, » - 

Netherlands, 

Sardinia, ------- 

Switzerland, 

Denmark, - 

Naples and Sicily, - - - - 
Austria, ------- 

France, - 

Ireland, 

Russia, ------- 

Sections of the United States, 

Eastern States, 

Middle States, 

Southern States, - . - - 
Western States, - - - - 
United States, 

Sections of European Countries. 

England, 

Portugal, 

Switzerland, 

Naples and Sicily, - - - - 
Western Europe, - - - - 



No. of 


Proportion 


Stud, 


to 


Inhab. 


3,249 




683 


1.399 




816 


1,360 




1,040 


10,549 




1,132 


1,203 


1 


1,303 


2,593 


1 


1,312 


909 




1,402 


9,867 


1 
i 


1,414 


6,236 




1,470 


887 




1,731 


2,687 




1,732 


1,604 




1,879 


2,998 


1 


1,979 


1,722 




2,420 


767 




2.655 


578 




3,342 


2,065 




3,590 


8,584 




3,760 


6,196 




5.140 


1,254 


I 


5,767 


3,626 




15,455 


1,748 




1,118 


1,995 




1,844 


1,485 


1 


2,612 


957 




3,516 


6,185 




2,078 


10,549 




1,132 


1,604 




1,879 


767 




2,655 


2,065 




3,590 


69,634 




2,285 



( B7 ) 




DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

T^e Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United 
States of America* 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes ne- 
cessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires 
that they should declare the causes which impel them to 
the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident ; — that all men 
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, 
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these 
rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving 



(88) 

their just powers from the consent of the governed; that 
whenever any form of government becomes destructive of 
these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abol- 
ish it, and to institute a new government, laying its founda- 
tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such 
form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety 
and happiness. Prudence, indeed, w411 dictate, that gov- 
ernments long established should not be changed for light 
and transient causes ; and accordingly ail experience hatk 
shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils 
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long 
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under abso- 
lute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off 
such government, and to provide new guards for their fu- 
ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of 
these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which con- 
strains them to alter their former systems of government 
The history of the present king of Great Britain, is a his- 
tory of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in di- 
rect object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over 
these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a can- 
did v^orld. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- 
tion, till his assent should be obtained ; and when so sus- 
pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He 
has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people w^ould relin- 
quish the right of representation in the legislature — a right 
inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places un- 
usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of 
their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them 
into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights 
of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 



(89 ) 

cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, 
incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at 
large, for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean 
time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, 
and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturali- 
zation of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage 
their mi2:ration hither, and raisin o- the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, fey re- 
fusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the 
tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out 
their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies 
without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdic- 
tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our 
laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legisla- 
tion : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit- 
ants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many eases, of the benefits of trial 
yjury: 

For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended 
offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary gov- 
ernment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at 
once an example and fit instrument for introducing tlie 
same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valua- 

H2 



(90) 

Die laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our gov- 
• ernments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- 
selves invested v^ith power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us ou 
of his protection, and waging war against ils. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, 
and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty 
and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
emd totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
tlie high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become 
the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall 
themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and 
nas endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers 
the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare 
is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for redress in the most humble terms : our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we ^en wanting in attentions to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable 
jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the cir- 
cumstances of our migration and settlement here. We 
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably in- 
terrupt our connexions and correspondence. They too have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity w^hich denounces 
our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- 
kind — enemies in war, in peace friends. 

WE, therefore, the representatives of the United States 



(91 ) 

of America, in general congress assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good 
people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and 
independent states ; that they are absolved from all alle- 
giance to the British crown, and that all political connexion 
between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent 
states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, 
contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other 
acts and things which independent states may of right do. 
And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance 
on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge 
to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



J^Teij^- Hampshire. 
JOSIAH BARTLETT, 
WILLIAM WHIPPLE, 
MATTHEW THORNTON. 

Massac kusetts- Baij . 
SAMUEL ADAMS, 
JOHN ADAMS, 
ROBERT TREAT PAINE, 
ELBRIDGE GERRY. 
Rhode- Island, <^-o. 
STEPHEN HOPKINS, 
WILLIAM ELLERY. 

Connecticut. 
ROGER SHERMAN, 
SAMUEL PIUNTINGTON, 
WILLIAM WILLIAMS, 
OLIVER WOLCOTT. 

J^ew- York. 
WILLIAM FLOYD, 
PHILIP LIVINGSTON, 

FRANCIS LEWIS, 

LEWIS MORRIS. 
JVeic- Jersey. 

RICHARD STOCKTON, 

JOHN WITHERSPOON, 

FRANCIS HOPKINSON, 

JOHN HART, 

ABRAHAM CLARKE. 
Pennsylvania. 

ROBERT MORRIS, 

BENJAMIN RUSH, 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 

JOHN MOlfl^ON, 

GEORGE CLYMER, 

JAMES SMITH, 



GEORGE TAYLOR, 
JAMES WILSON, 
GEORGE ROSS. 

Delaware. 
CESAR RODNEY, 
GEORGE READ, 
THOMAS M'KEAN. 

Maryland. 
SAMUEL CHASE, 
WILLIAM PACA, 
THOMAS STONE, 
CHARLES CARROLI^, 
of Carrollton. 
Virginia. 
GEORGE WYTHE. 
RICHARD HENRY LEE, 
THOMAS JEFFERSON, 
BENJAMIN HARRISON, 
THOMAS NELSON. Jr. 
FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, 
CARTER BRAXTON 

JVorth Carolina. 
WILLIAM HOOPER, 
JOSEPH HEWES, 
JOHN PENN, 

South Carolhia. 
EDWARD RUTLEDGE, 
THOMAS HEYW^ARD, Jr. 
THOMAS LYNCH, Jr. 
ARTHUR MIDDLETON. 

Georgia. 
BURTON GWINNETT, 
LYMAN HALL, 
GEORGE WALTON. 



( 92 ) 



Kw- *n^ fn** '»rw» "^im im* 'ii«~ ivn* fnt* '?rw* '?rT* '»ri^ ^Kit^ 'fnf* 




CONSTITUTION 

OF 

THE UNITED STATES. 



WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the gen- 
eral welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves 
and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. SECTION I. 

1. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested 
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of 
a senate and house of representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1. The house of representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the 



(93 ) 

several states ; and the electors in each state shall have the 
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the state legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not 
have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which 
he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
among the several states which may be included within 
this union, according to their respective numbers, which 
shall be determined by adding to the Vv^hole number of free 
persons, including those bound to service for a term of 
years, and excludmg Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- 
in the three years after the first meeting of the Congress 
of the United States, and within every subsequent term of 
ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one re- 
presentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the 
state of New- Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three 
Massachusetts eight ; Rhode-Island and Providence Plan- 
tations one ; Connecticut five ; New- York six ; New- Jer- 
sey four ; Pennsylvania eight ; Delaioare one : Maryland 
six ; Virginia ten ; North-Carolina five ; South-Carolina 
five ; and Georgia three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from 
any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs 
of election to fill up such vacancies. 

5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker 
and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeach- 
ment. 

SECTION III. 

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed 
of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature 
thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- 
quence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally 
as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators 
of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the 



(94) 

second year, of the second class at the exph'ation of tlie 
fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, 
during the recess of the legislature of any state, the execu- 
tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have at- 
tained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citi- 
zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The vice-president of the United States shall be presi- 
dent of the senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 
equally divided. 

5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
a president pro-tempore, in the absence of the vice-presi- 
dent, or when he shall exercise the office of president of 
the United States. 

6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be 
on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United 
States is tried, the chief justice shall preside ; and no per- 
son shall be convicted without the concurrence of two- thirds 
of the members present. 

7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend 
further than to removal from office, and disqualification to 
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under 
the United States ; but the party convicted shall neverthe- 
less be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and 
punishment according to law^ 

SECTION IV. 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections 
for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each 
state by the legislature thereof; but the congress may, at 
any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as 
to the places of choosing senators. 

2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in De- 
cember, unless they shall by law appoint a different day 



( 95 ) 

SECTION V. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- 
turns, and qualifications of its own members ; and a ma- 
jority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- 
bers, in such manner and under such penalties as each house 
may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed- 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any ques- 
tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be 
entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
three days, nor to any other place than that in which the 
two houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

1. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 
paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, 
in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, 
be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the 
session of their respective houses, and in going to or re- 
turning from the same; and for any speech or debate in 
either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time 
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office 
under the authority of the United States, which shall have 
been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been 
increased, during such time ; and no person holding any 
office under the United States shall be a member of either 
house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

1. All bills for raising revenues shall originate in the 
house of representatives ; but the senate may propose or 
concur with amendments, as on other bills. 



( 9« ) 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of repre- 
sentatives and the senate, shall, before it becomes a law, 
be presented to the president of the United States ; if he 
approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with 
his objections, to that house in which it shall have origin- 
ated, who shall enter the objections at large on their jour- 
nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after ■ such reconsid- 
eration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the 
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and 
if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a 
law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall 
be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per- 
sons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the 
journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not 
be returned by the president within ten'days (Sundays ex^ 
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same 
shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless 
the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return ; in 
which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concur- 
rence of the senate and house of representatives may be 
necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be 
presented to the president of the United States; and before 
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or be- 
ing disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of 
the senate and house of representatives, according to the 
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The congress shall have power — 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises . 
to pajy the debts and provide for the common defence and 
general welfare of the United States; but all duties, im- 
posts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United 
States : 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several states, and with the Indian tribes : 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- 
form laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the 
United States : 



(97) 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures: 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
securities and current coin of the United States : 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads : 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, 
by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the 
exclusive right to their respective writings and discove- 
ries : 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court : 
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on 
the high seas, and offences against the law of nations : 

10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water : 

11. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation 
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
years : 

12. To provide and maintain a navy : 

13. To make rules for the government and regulation 
of the land and naval forces : 

14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute 
the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel in- 
vasions : 

15. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining 
the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be 
employed in the service of the United States, reserving to 
the states, respectively, the appointment of the officers, 
and the authority of training the militia according to the 
discipline prescribed by congress : 

16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) 
as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance 
of congress, become the seat of government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places pur- 
chased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in 
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- 
zines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings : — 
and, 

17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 
other powers vested by this constitution in the government 
of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 



( 98 ) 



SECTION IX. 



1. The migration or importation of such persons as any 
of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall 
not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thou- 
sand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dolla,rs for 
each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not 
be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- 
sion, the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be 
passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless 
in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before 
directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
any state. No preference shall be given, by any regula- 
tion of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one state over 
those of another : nor shall vessels bound to or from one 
state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular 
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of 
all public money shall be published from time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
under them, shall, without the consent of the congress, ac- 
cept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

SECTION X. 

1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin mo- 
ney ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and 
silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of 
attainder, ex post facto law, or law^ impairing the obligation 
of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, 
lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what 
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection 
laws; and the neat produce of all duties and imposts, laid 
by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the treasury 



(99) 

of the United States, and all such laws shall he suhject to 
the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, 
without the consent of the congress, lay any duty of ton- 
nage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter 
into any agreement or compact with another state, or with 
a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
or in such immment danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. SECTION I. 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a president 
of the United States of America. He shall hold his office 
during the term of four years, and, together with the vice- 
president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 

2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legis- 
lature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to 
the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
the state may be entitled in the congress ; but no senator 
or representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
Tote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. 
And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and 
of the number of votes for each ; v^hich list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit seajed to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the president of the 
senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence 
of the senate, and house of representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
son having the greatest number of votes shall be the presi- 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who 
have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, 
then the house of representatives shall immediately choose, 
by ballot, one of them for president; and if no person have 
a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said 
house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But, in 
choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, 
the representation from each state having one vote ; a quo- 
rum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states 
shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 



( 100 ) 

choice of the president, the person having the greatest 
number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice-president 
But if there should remain two or more w^ho have equal 
votes, the senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the vice- 
president. No. 3 has been annulled and supplied, 

4. The congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; 
which day shall be the same throughout the United States, 

5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen 
of the United States at the time of the adoption of this 
constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president: 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office, who shall 
not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the president from office, 
or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the 
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve 
on the vice-president, and the congress may, by law, pro- 
vide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, 
both of the president and vice-president, declaring what 
officer shall then act as president ; and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi- 
dent shall be elected. 

7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his 
services a compensation, which shall neither be increased 
nor diminished during the period for which he shall have 
been elected, and he shall not receive w^ithin that period 
any other emolument from the United States, or any of 
them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall 
take the following oath or affirmation : 

9. " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of the president of the United States, 
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and 
defend the constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of 
the several states, when called into the actual service of 
the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive depart^ 



( 101 ) 

ments, upon any subject relating* to the duties of their re- 
spective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offences against the United States, except 
in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of 
the senators' present concur : and he shall nominate, and, 
by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall ap- 
point ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges 
of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United 
States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro- 
vided for, and which shall be established by law. But the 
congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such infe- 
rior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in 
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacan- 
cies that may happen during the. recess of the senate, by 
granting commissions, v/hich shall expire at the end of their 
next session. 

SECTION III. 

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress in- 
formation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
and expedient: he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
vene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of disa- 
greement between them, with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other pub- 
lic ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the Uni- 
ted States. 

SECTION IV. 

1. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of 
the United States, shall be removed from off.ce on impeach- 
nient for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. SECTION I. 

1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The 

12 



( 102 ) 

judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation which shall 
not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all ' eases in law 
and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admi- 
ralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which 
the United States shall be a party; to controversies between 
two or more states ; between a state and citizens of an- 
other state ; between citizens of different states ; between 
citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of 
different states ; and betw^een a state, or the citizens there- 
of, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, 
the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all 
the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with 
such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the con- 
gress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the 
state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; 
but when not committed in any state, the trial shall be at 
such place or places as the congress may by law have di- 
'•ected. 

SECTION III. 

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only 
in levying war against them, or in adhering to their ene- 
mies, giving them aid and comfort No person shall be 
convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- 
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court 

2. The congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
ment of treason : but no attainder of treason shall vrork 
corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of 
the person attainted. 



( 103 ) 

ARTICLE IV. SECTION I. 

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to 
the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
other state. And the congress may, by general laws, pre- 
scribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceed- 
ings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION n. 

1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privi- 
leges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, 
or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in 
another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority 
of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be re- 
moved to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one state under 
tlie laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence 
of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such 
service or labor ; but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

SECTION III. 

1. New states may be admitted by the congress into this 
union ; but no nev/ state shall be formed or erected within 
the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed 
by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, 
without the consent of the legislatures of the states con- 
cerned, as well as of the congress. 

2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make 
all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory 
or other property belonging to the United States ; and no- 
thing in this constitution shall be so construed as to preju- 
dice any claim.s of the United States, or of any particular 
state. 

SECTION IV. 

1. The United States shall guaranty to every state in 
this union, a republican form of government, and shall pro- 
tect each of them against invasion ; and, on application of 
the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature 
cannot be convened,) against domestic violence. 



( 104 ) 

ARTICLE V. 

4. The congress^ whenever two-thirds of both houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this 
constitution; or, on the application of the legislatures of 
two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case-, shall be valid 
to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when 
ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one 
or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the 
congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight 
shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in 
the ninth section of the first article : and that no state, 
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage 
in the senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid 
against the United States under this constitution, as under 
the confederation. 

2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States, 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the 
United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and 
the judges in every state shall be bound thereby ; any thing 
in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary not- 
withstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, 
and the members of the several state legislatures, and all 
executive and judicial officers, both of the United States 
and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirma- 
tion to support this constitution : but no religious test shall 
ever be required as a qualification to any office or public 
trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution be- 
tween the states so ratifying the same. 



( 105 ; 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the stat*^ 
present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year 
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
seven, and of the Independence of the United States of 
America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have here- 
unto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President and Deputy from Virginia, 

Signed by 40 individuals, from the 13 different states. 



AMENDMENTS 

TO 

THE CONSTITUTION. 



Art. 1. Congress shall make nc law respecting an estab- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof* 
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the 
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
the government for a redress of grievances. 

Art. 2. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and 
bear arms shall not be infringed. 

Art. 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor in 
time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Art. 4. The right of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable 
searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no war- 
rants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath 
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Art. 5. No person shall be held to answer for a capital 
Dr otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 
indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the 
land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual ser- 
vice, in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any per- 
son be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeop- 



( i^s ) 

ardy of life or limb, nor shall be compeiied, in any criminal 
case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use, without just 
compensation. 

Art. 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shal 
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartia 
jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have 
been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation : to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtain- 
ing witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of 
counsel for his defence. 

Art. 7. In suits at common law, where the value in con- 
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by 
jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shal* 
be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

Art. 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces- 
sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in- 
flicted. 

Art. 9. The enumeration in the constitution of certain 
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others 
retained by the people. 

Art. 10. The powers not deleg-ated to the United States 
hy the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are 
reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. 

Art. 11. The judicial power of the United States shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, 
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States 
by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of 
any foreign state. 

Art. 12. 5 1- The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as president, and m distinct ballots the 
person voted for as vice-president; and they shall make 
distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all 
persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of 
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 



( 107 ) 

transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the senate ; the presi- 
dent of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and 
house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted ; the person having the great- 
est number of votes for president, shall be the president, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of elect- 
ors appointed : and if no person have such majority, then 
from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceed- 
ing three, on the list of those voted for as president, the 
house of representatives shall choose immediately, by bal- 
lot, the president. But, in choosing the president, the votes 
shall be taken by states, the representation from each state 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a mem oer or members from two-thirds of the states, and a 
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice^ 
And if the house of representatives shall not choose a presi- 
dent w^ienever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then- the 
vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the 
death or other constitutional disability of the president. 

2. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number 
be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
and if no person have a majority, then from the two high- 
est numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice- 
president : a quorum for the parpose shall consist of two- 
thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of 
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 
of president, shall be eligible to tliat of vice-president of 
the United States. 



( 108) 
QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

COI^TITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



1. Of what branches does the congress of the United 
States consist] 

2. Of what is the house of representatives composed 1 

3. What are the qualifications necessary for a repre- 
sentative ? 

4. What number of inhabitants sends a representative 
to congress 1 

5. When vacancies happen in the representation from 
any state, how are they to be filled ] 

6. Of what persons is the senate composed 1 

7. In what manner, and for how long a period, are the 
senators chosen ] 

8. Into how many classes are the senators divided 1 

9. How often are the seats of these classes vacated ] 

10. When vacancies in the senate happen during the 
recess of the legislature of any state, how are they to be 
filled 1 

11. What age must a senator have attained 1 

12. How many years must he have been a citizen of the 
United States 1 

13. Who is the president of the senate 1 

14. How often does congress assemble 1 

15. What day is fixed for its meeting? 

16. From what fund are the members of congress com- 
pensated ] 

17. When a bill has parsed the house of representatives 
and the senate, to whom must it be presented before it be- 
comes a law ? 

18. What must the president do ? 

19. If the bill is returned without the signature of the 
president, what course is to be pursued by congress 3 

20. What is a necessary qualification of the president, 
with regard to his place of birth 1 

21. What must be his age ] 



( 109 ) 

22. During how many years must he have resided with- 
in the country 1 

23. How many years do the president and vice-president 
hold their offices ] 

24. In what manner are they elected 1 

See Art. II. Sect I. clause 2, and Art. 12 of the Amend- 
ments. 

25. Who is to be commander-in-chief of the army and 
navy, and of the militia, when called into actual service 1 

26. What is said in regard to the power of the presi- 
dent! 

27. What in regard to his duty] Sect. III. Art. If. 

28. For what crimes are the officers of the United States^ 
to be removed from office V 

29. How is the judicial power vested 1 

30. In what does treason against the United States con- 
sist] 

31. What form, of government do the United States 
guaranty to every member of the great political family — 
the several states 1 

32. Against what injuries are they bound to protect each 
state 1 

33. What is said in regard to amendments 1 

34. What in regard to religion, freedom of speech and 
of the press ? See Art. I. of the Amendments. 

N. B. It would be well for the teacher to question his 
scholars on every article, section, and clause of tiie consti- 
tution , in addition to the questions asked in the book. 



(110) 



CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 

OP 

OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES 

SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 



The following Chronological List of the principal Officers of the 
United States' Government, under the Constitution, compiled from 
authentic sources, may be interesting to many, as a convenient docu» 
ment for reference : 

PRESIDENTS. 

George Washington, of Virginia, appointed, 1789 

John Adams, of Massachusetts, 1797 

Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, ISOl 

James Madison, of Virginia, 1809 

James Monroe, of Virginia, 1817 

John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, . . . .1825 

Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, 1829 

Martin Van Buren, of New-York, .... 1837 

Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio, 1841 

[Died April 4, 1841.] 
John Tyler, of Virginia, succeeds, .... 1841 

VICE-PRESIDENTS, 

John Adams, of Massachusetts, ..... 1789 

Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, 1797 

Aaron Burr, of New-York, 1801 

George Clinton, of New-Yorkj 1805 

[Died April 20, 1812.] 
Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, . . . .1812 

[Died November 29, 1814.] 
Daniel D. Tompkins, of New-York . . . .1817 
John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, . . - 1825 

re-elected, ...... 1829 

Martin Van Buren, of New-York, .... 1833 
Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, .... 1837 
John Tyler, of Virginia, 1841 

SECRETARIES OF STATE. 

Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, 1789 

Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, ..... 1794 
Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, . . . 1795 

John Marshall, of Virginia, 1800 

James Madison, of Virginia, 1808 

Robert Smith, of Maryland, 1809 

James Monroe, of Virginia, . 1811 

• John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, .... 1817 

Henry Clav, of Kentuckv, 1825 

Martin Van Buren, of New-York, .... 1829 
Edward Livingston, of Louisiana, .... 1831 
Louis McLane, of Delaware, 1833 



(Ill) 



John Forsyth, of Georgia, 1834 

Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, .... 1841 
Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, 1843 



SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 
Alexander Hamilton, of New-York, . . 



1789 



Oliver VVolcott, of Connecticut, 1795 

Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, .... 1801 
Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, . . . .1802 
George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, . . . .1813 
Alexander J. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, . . . 1814 
William H. Crawford, of Georgia, . . . ,1817 

Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, 1825 

Samuel D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, . . .1829 

Lewis M'Lane, of Delaware, 1831 

William J. Duane, Jr. of Pennsylvania, . .1833 

R B. Taney, of Maryland, 1833 

Levi Woodbury, of New-Hampshire, . . . 1834 

Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, 1841 

Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania, September 1841 
John C. Spencer, of New-York, 1843 

SECRETARIES OF WAR. 

Henry Knox, of Massachusetts, 1789 

Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, . . .1795 

James M'Henry, of Maryland, 

Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, .... 

Roger Griswold, of Connecticut, 

Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, . . . .1801 
William Eustis, of Massachusetts, . . . .1809 

John Armstrong, of New-York, 1813 

William H- Crawford, of Georgia, . . . .1815 

Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, ...... .1816 

[Did not accept.] 
John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, . . .1817 

James Barbour, of Virginia, 1825 

John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, 1829 

Hugh L. White, of Tennessee, 1831 

Lewis Cass, of Michigan, 1831 

Joel R. Poinsett, of South Carolina, .... 18^ 

John Bell, of Tennessee, March 1841 

John C. Spencer, of New-York, Sepember . 1841 
James M. Porter, of Pennsylvania, .... 1843 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 

Note. This department was not established until the 30th of April, 1798, being, prior to thii 
iate, a branch of the War Department. 

George Cabot, of Massachusetts, appointed, 1798 
Benjamin Stoddart, of Maryland, •= . . . .1799 

Robert Smith, of Maryland, 1802 

Jacob Crowninshield, of Massachusetts, . . 1805 
Paul Hamilton, of North Carolina, . . . .1809 
William Jones, of Pennsylvania, . . . . . 1812 
Benjamin W. Crowninshield, of Massachu- 
setts, 1814 

Smith Thompson, of New-York, . . . . ,1816 
Samuel L. Southard, of New- Jersey, . . . 1824 



(112) 



John Branch, of North Carolina, 1829 

Levi Woodbury, of New-Hampshire, . . .1831 
Mahlon Dlckerson, of New-Jersey, .... 1834 
James K. Paulding, of New-York, . . . .1838 
George E. Badger, of North Carolina, March, 1841 
Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, September, . . 1841 
David Henshaw, Massachusetts, ..... 1843 

POST-MASTERS GENERAL. 

Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, appointed, 1789 
Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, . . .1791 

Joseph Habersham, of Georgia, 1791 

Gideon Granger, of Connecticut, 1803 

Return J. Meigs, of Ohio 1814 

John M'Lean, of Ohio, 1824 

WilliamT. Barry, of Kentucky, 1829 

Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, 1835 

John M. Niles, of Connecticut, 1840 

Francis Granger, of New-York 1841 

Charles A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky, September, 1841 

CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

John Jay, of New-York, appointed, . . . . 1786 
William Gushing, of Massachusetts, . . .1796 
Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut, . . . .1796 

John Jay, of New-York, 1800 

John Marshall, of Virginia, 1801 

Roger B, Taney, of Mary land, 1836 

ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 

Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, appointed, 1789 
William Bradford, of Pennsylvania, . . .1794 

Charles Lee, of Virginia, 1795 

Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts 1801 

Robert Smith, of Maryland, 1805 

John Breckenbridge, of Kentucky, . . . .1806 
Caesar A. Rodney, of Delaware, .... .1807 

William Pinckney, of Maryland, 1811 

Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, 1814 

William Wirt, of Virginia, 1817 

John M'Pherson Berrien, of Georgia, . . .1829 
R. B. Taney, of Maryland, ...... .1831 

Benjamin F. Butler, of New-York, . . . .1833 

Felix Grundy, of Tennessee, 1838 

Henry D. Gilpin, of Pennsylvania, .... 1839 

John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, 1841 

Hugh S. Legare, of South Carolina, September 1841 
John Nelson, ©(^Maryland, 1843 



( 113) 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 

OF 

REMARKABLE EVENTS, DISCOVERIES, AND INVENTIONS 

FROM THE CREATION OF THE WORLD, 

TO THE YEAR 1830. 



JVote.— As Historians differ in regard to many of the events that oc- 
curred before the Christian era, it is not necessary that scholars shouM 
be required to state the precise date in the table, but merely the events 
as they occurred between certain periods: see questions at the end of 
the table. 

B. C. 

4004 The Creation of the World, according to the Hebrew 

text of the Scriptures, 
3875 Cain murders Abel. 
3017 Enoch translated to Heaven. 
2348 Universal Deluge. 
2247 The Building of Babel ; the Dispersion of Mankind ; and 

the Confusion of Languages. 
2217 Nimrod supposed to have built Babylon, and founded the 

Babylonish Monarchy ; and Assur to have built Nineveh, 

and founded the Monarchy of Assyria. 
2188 Menes (in Scripture Misraim) founds the Monarchy of 

Egypt. 
1996 The Birth of Abram. 

1897 Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed by fire from Heaven. 
1896 Isaac born. 
1836 Jacob and Esau born. 
1823 Death of Abraham. 
1716 Isaac dies. 
1635 Joseph dies in Egypt. 
1571 Moses born in Egypt. 
1556 Cecrops founds the kingdom of Athens. 
1546 Scamander founds the kingdom of Troy. 
1520 Corinth built. 
1493 Cadmus builds Thebes, and introduces Letters into 

Greece. 
1491 Moses brings the Israelites out of Egypt. 
1452 The Penlateuch, or five Books of Moses, written. 
1451 The Israelites led into the land of Canaan by Joshua 
1434 Joshua dies. 

K2 



( 114 ) 

B.O. 

1207 Gideon, Judge of Israel. 
1193 The Trojan War begins. 
1184 Troy taken and burnt by the Greeks. 
1155 Samson born. 
1099 Samuel delivers IsraeL 
1079 Saul, Kmg of Israel. 
1055 David, King of Israel, begins his Reign. ' 
1004 Dedication of Solomon's Temple. 
980 Rehoboam and Jeroboam begin to reign over Israel. 
955 Abijah, king of Judah, dies, and Asa succeeds him. 
914 Jehoshaphat succeeds his father Asa — Ahab, Ahaziah, 

and Jehoram, reign over Israel. 
869 The City of Carthage bailt by Dido. 
752 The foundation of Rome, by Romulus. 
724 Hezekiah, tenth king of Judah. 

721 Salmanazar takes Samaria, and carries the Ten Tribes 
into captivity, which puts an end to the Israelitish King- 
dom. 
711 Sennacherib, King of Assyria, invades Judea. 
708 Habakkuk prophesied. 
696 Manasseh, sixteenth King of Judah. 
658 Byzantium founded by Pausanias, King of Sparta. 
627 The Forty Fears of Hezekiah began. 
610 Josiah slain. 
606 Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem, and carries the Jews 

into captivity. 
601 End of the Assyrian Empire. Nineveh taken by Nebu- 
chadnezzar. 
600 Jeremiah prophesied. 
599 Birth of Cyrus the Great. 

, 588 The Jewish Capital and Temple are burned to the ground. 
572 Nebuchadnezzar subdues Egypt. 
551 Confucius, the Chinese Philosopher, born. 
538 Babylon taken by Cyrus. End of the Babylonian Em- 
pire. 
536 Cyrus ascends the throne of Persia. He puts an end to 

the Jewisli Captivity, which had lasted seventy years. 
.534 Daniel prophesied. 
529 Death of Cyrus the Great. 
520 The Jews begin to build the second Temple, which is 

finished in four years. 
508 The first Alliance between the Romans and Carthagin- 
ians. 
504 Sardis taken and burnt by the Athenians. 



( 115 ) 

B. C. 

490 The Battle of Marathon, in which Miltiades defeats the 

Persians. 
488 The first Tribunes of the People created at Rome. 
486 Xerxes succeeds his father, Darius, in the kingdom of 

Persia. 
485 Coriolanus banished from Rome. 
480 The Spartans, under Leonidas, slain at Thermopylae. 

Naval Victory gained by the Greeks over the Persians, 

at Salamis. 

476 Themistocles rebuilds Athens. 

A great Eruption at ^tna. 

456 Cincinnatus, Dictator at Rome. 

455 Commencement of the Seventy Prophetical Weeks of 

Daniel. 
452 The two books of Chronicles, supposed to have oeen 

written at this time by Ezra. 
431 The Peloponnesian War begins, which lasted twenty 

seven years. 
430 The history of the Old Testament ends about this time. 

Malachi, the last of the Prophets. 

422 Sanballat builds a Temple on Mount Gerizzim for Elea- 
zar, his son-in-law. 

418 Disturbances at Rome on account of the Agrarian Law. 

409 Nchemiah dies. 

404 Malachi prophesies. 

403 Lysander takes Athens. Government of the Thirty Ty- 
rants. 

401 The younger Cyrus defeated by his brother Artaxerxes, 
and killed. 

Persecution and death of Socrates. 

385 Rome taken by the Gaals, under Brennus. 

356 Alexander the Great born at Pella, in Macedonia. 

348 End of the Sacred War. 

343 The War between the Romans and Samnites, which led 

to the Conquest of all Italy. 
336 Philip murdered by Pausanias. 

Alexander the Great destroys Thebes. 

332 Alexander conquers Egypt, and takes Tyre. 
330 Darius Codomanus killed. End of the Persian Empire, 
328 Alexander passes into India, defeats Porus, founds seve- 
ral cities, and penetrates to the Ganges. 

The voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates. 

324 Alexander the Great dies at Babylon, at the age of thirty- 

tliree. 



( 116) 

B. C. 

320 Ptolemy carries 100,000 Jews captives into Egypt. 

285 The Astronomical Era of Dionysius of Alexandria. 

283 The Library of Alexandria founded. 

280 Pyrrhus invades Italy. 

277 The translation of the Septuagint made by order of 

Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
266 Silver money is coined at Rome for the first time. 
253 Manasseh chosen high priest of the Jews. 
241 End of the first Pmiic War. 
235 The Temple of Janus shut the first time since the reiga 

of Numa. 
225 Great victory of the Romans over the Gauls. 
219 Hannibal takes Saguntum. 
218 The second Punic War begins. 
206 Gold first coined at Rome. 
203 The Carthaginians recall Hannibal to Africa. 
196 The battle of Zama, and end of the second Punic War. 
170 Antiochas Epiphanes takes and plunders Jerusalem. 
167 End of the kingdom of Macedon. 
166 Judas Maccabeus drives the Syrians out of Judea. 
149 The third Punic War begins. 
146 Corinth taken by the Consul Mummius. 
135 The History of the Apocrypha ends. 

Antiochus besieges Jerusalem. 

103 Jugurtha starved to death at Rome. 

91 The War of the Allies against the Romans. 

82 Sylla perpetual Dictator. His horrible proscription. 

80 Julius Caesar makes his first campaign, 

79 Cicero's first Oration for Roscius. 

72 Herod the Great is born. 

63 Victories of Pompey. He takes Jerusalem, and restores 
Hyrcanus to the government of Judea. 

62 Catiline's conspiracy quelled at Rome by Cicero. 

61 Pompey enters Rome in triumph. 

59 The first Triumvirate, Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. 

55 Caesar lands in Britain, and makes a short campaign. 

54 Caesar invades Britain a second time, and conquers part 
of it. 

49 Caesar passes the Rubicon, and marches to Rome. 

48 Battle of Pharsalia, in which Pompey is defeated. 

— The Alexandrian Library of 400,000 volumes burnt. 

45 The Kalendar reformed by Julius Caesar, by introducing 
the Solar Year instead of the Lunar. The first Julian 
Year began January 1, 45 A. C. 



( 117 ) 

B. C. 

44 Julius CsBsar assassinated in the Senate-House, having 

killed 1,192,000 men. 
33 Mauritania reduced into a Roman Province. 

32 War declared by the Senate against Antony and Cleo- 
patra. 

31 Battle of Actium, and end of the Roman commonwealth, 

— Octavius Emperor of Rome. 

19 Temple of Jerusalem rebuilt by Herod. 

10 The temple of Janus shut by Augustus for a short time. 

8 Augustus corrects an error of the Roman Kalendar. 

5 Augustus ordains a Census of all the people in the Ro- 
man Empire. 

4 JESUS CHRIST is born four years before the com- 
mencement of the vulgar era. 

A. D. 

9 The Roman Legions under Varus, destroyed in Germany. 
14 Tiberius Emperor of Rome. 

17 Twelve cities of Asia destroyed by an earthquake. 

26 John the Baptist preaches in Judea the coming of the 

Messiah. 
29 Jesus baptized in Jordan by John. 

33 JESUS CHRIST is crucified. 
•— The conversion of St. Paul. 
37 Caligula Emperor of Rome. 

39 St. Matthew writes his Gospel. 

40 The name of Christians first given to ijie Disciples at 
Christ at Antioch. 

41 Claudius, Emperor of Rome. 

— Herod persecutes the Christians, and imprisons Peter. 

42 Sergius Paulus, proconsul, converted by St. Paul. 
44 St. Mark writes his Gospel. 

— Herod is smitten by an angel, and dies. 
50 London is founded by the Romans. 

— St. Paul preaches in the Areopagus at Athens. 
55 St. Luke writes his Gospel. 

64 The first persecution of the Christians raised by Nero. 

— Rome set on fire by Nero. 

67 Massacre of the Jews by Florus, at Csesarea Ptolemais, 
and Alexandria. 

— St. Peter and St. Paul put to death. 

— Josephus, the Jewish Historian, Governor of Galilee. 
70 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus. 

78 A great pestilence at Rome, 10,000 dying in one day. 

79 Titus, Emperor of Rome. 



(118) 

A. D. 

79 Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of 

Vesuvius. 
93 The Evangelist John banished to Patmos. 
95 Dreadful persecution of the Christians at Rome, and in 

the provinces. 
— St. John writes his Apocalypse, and his Gospel. 
98 Trajan forbids the Christian assemblies. , 
108 St. Ignatius devoured by wild beasts at Rome. 
115 The Jews in Cyreno murder 200,000 Greeks and Ro- 
mans. 
118 Persecution of the Christians renewed by Adrian, but 

afterwards suspended. 
120 Adrian's wall built across Britain. 
135 The Romans destroy 580,000 Jews in Judeeu 
137 Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem by the name of -^lia Capi- 

tolina. 
154 Justin Martyr publishes his apology for the Christians. 
168 A Plague over the kno^vn world. 
177 Persecution of the Christians at Lyons. 
189 The Saracens defeat the Romans. This people first men- 
tioned in history. 
191 A great part of Rome destroyed by fire. 
195 Byzantium, besieged, surrenders to Severus. 
202 The fifth persecution against the Christians, principally 

in Egypt. 
217 Marcinus, Emperor of Rome. 
222 The Roman Empire begins to decline. 
225 Mathematicians allowed to teach publicly at Rome, 
236 The sixth persecution of the Christians. 
248 The secular games celebrated at Rome. 
250 The seventh persecution of the Christians under Decius. 
257 The eighth persecution of the Christians. 

259 The Persians ravage Syria. 

260 The Temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt. 
267 The Heruli invade and ravage Greece. 

274 Silk first brought from India : the manufacture of it in 
troduced into Europe by some monks, in 551 ; first worn 
by the clergy in England, in 1534. 

276 Wines first made in Britain. 

295 Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by Diocletian. 

302 The tenth persecution of the Christians. 

306 Constantine the Great, Emperor of Rome. He stops the 
persecution of the Christians. ^ 

315 Crucifixion abolished. 



( 119 ) 

A. D. 

321 Observation of Sunday enjoined. 

323 Constantine assembles the first general council at Nice, 

where the doctrines of Arius are condemned. 
326 St. Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, introduces Mona- 

chism in the Roman Empire. 

329 Constantine removes the Seat of Empire to Constanti- 
nople. 

330 Dreadful persecution of Christians in Persia, lasting 40 
years. 

337 Death of Constantine. The Empire divided among his 
three sons. 

Constantine II., Constans, and Constantius, Emperors of 

Rome. 

341 The Gospel propagated in Ethiopia by Foumentius. 
361 Julian, Emperor of Rome. He abjures Christianity, is 

elected Pontifex Maximus, and attempts fruitlessly to 

rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. 
367 Gratian, Emperor of the West. 

378 The Goths advance to the gates of Constantinople. 

379 Theodosius the Great, Emperor of the East. 
381 Second general council held at Constantinople. 

383 The Huns overrun Mesopotamia; are defeated by the 
Goths. 

384 Symmachus pleads the cause of Paganism against St. 
Ambrose, in the Senate. 

410 Rome sacked and burnt by Alaric. Death of Alaric. 
426 The Romans withdraw finally from Britain. 

431 The third general council held at Ephesus. 

432 Gospel preached in Ireland. 

439 Generic the Vandal invades and plunders Italy. 

Carthage taken by the Vandals. Kingdom of the Van- 
dals in Africa. 

445 The Britons in vain solicit the Romans to assist them 
against the Picts and Scots. 

451 The Saxons arrive in Britain, under Hengist and Horsa. 

452 Foundation of the city of Venice. 

472 Great Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, seen from Constan- 

tinople. 
481 The Kingdom of France begins. 

490 Ireland, called the Isle of Saints, famous for its schools. 
493 Odoacer put to death by Theodoric. 
497 Clovis and the Franks converted to Christianity. 
504 The Eastern Empire makes peace with Cabades. 



( 120) 

A. D. 

508 Theodoric the Great defeats Clovis in the battle of Aries, 
and then makes peace with him. 

510 Clovis makes Paris the capital of the kingdom of the 
Franks. 

511 Death of Clovis. Division of his kingdom among hia 
four sons. 

512 The Heruli allowed by Anastasius to settle in Thrace. 
516 The computation of time by the Christian era intro 

duced by Dionysius the Monk. 

519 Justin restores the Orthodox Bishops, and condemns the 
Eutychians. 

525 The Arian Bishops deposed by Justin, and this act highly 
resented by Theodoric. 

529 The books of the Civil Law published by Justinian. 

532 Great Insurrection at Constantinople, quelled with pro- 
digious slaughter. 

543 An earthquake all over the world. 

550 Commencement of the kingdom of Poland, under Lechus. 

551 The manufacture of Silk introduced into Europe. 
571 Birth of Mahomet, the false prophet. 

580 The Latin tongue ceases to be spoken in Italy about this 
time. 

581 The city of Paris destroyed by fire. 

609 The Jews of Antioch massacre the Christians. 
616 Jerusalem taken by the Persians. 
622 Flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina. 
632 Death of Mahomet. 

636 Jerusalem taken by Omar and the Saracens, who keep 
possession of it 463 years. 

640 The Library of Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus, is burnt by the Saracens. 

641 Constantino, Emperor of the East for a few months, 
poisoned by his step-mother. 

643 The temple of Jerusalem converted into a Mahometan 

mosque. 
653 The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus. 
658 The Saracans obtain peace of the Emperor Constans, 

and agree to pay a yearly tribute. 
660 Organs first used in churches. 
663 Glass invented. 

680 The sixth general council of Constantinople. 
685 The Britons, totally subdued by the Saxons, retreat into 

Wales and Cornwall. 
70Q Cracow built. 



( 121 ) 

A. D. 

713 Spain conquered by the Saracens under Muce, the gene- 
ral of the Caliph Walid. 
726 Leo forbids the worship of Images. 

736 Leo persecutes the Monks. 

737 Death of Pelagius, who preserved the Christian mon- 
archy in Asturia. 

748 The computing of years from the birth of Christ began 

to be used in history. 
762 Almanzar builds Bagdat, and makes it the seat of the 

Empire of the Caliphs. 
767 The Turks ravage Asia Minor. 
772 Charlemagne, sole monarch of France. 
779 Charlemagne conquers Navarre and Sardinia. 
781 Irene re-establishes the worship of Images. 

787 The Danes first land in England. 

The seventh general council, or second of Nice. 

788 Irene puts to death her son, Constantine, and is pro. 
claimed sole Empress. 

797 Seventeen days of unusual darkness. 

800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor at Rome. 

816 The Eastern Empire ravaged by earthquakes, famine, 

conflagrations, &c. 
827 Egbert unites the kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy. 

Beginning of the kingdom of England. 
845 The Normans plunder Hamburgh, and penetrate into 

Germany. 
848 The Venitian fleet destroyed by the Saracens. 
867 The Danes ravage England. 

886 The University of Oxford founded by Alfred. 

887 The Normans besiege Paris. 

890 Alfred the Great composes his code of laws, and divides 
England into counties, hundreds, and tithings. 

891 The first land-tax in England. 

915 The University of Cambridge founded by Edward the 

Elder. 
941 Arithmetic brought into Europe. 
967 Antioch recovered from the Saracens by Nicephorus. 
991 The Arabic numeral ciphers first introduced into Eu- 
rope. 
1000 Paper made of cotton rags, in use. 
1005 Churches first built in the Gothic style. 
1013 The Danes, under Sueno, get possession of England. 
1017 Rain of the color of blood for three days, in Aquitaine 
1025 Musical characters invented by Guido Aretino. 

JLi 



( 122 ) 

A. D. 

1040 Macbeth usurps the throne of Scotland by the murder 

of Duncan. 
1055 The Turks take Bag-dat, and overturn the Empire of the 

Caliphs. 

1065 The Turks take Jerusalem from the Saracens. 

1066 William (the Conqueror) king of England. 
1070 The Feudal Law introduced into England. 
1076 Justices of the peace first appointed in England. 

1079 Doomsday-book begun by William the Conqueror. 

1080 Tower of London built. 

1087 William II. (Rufas) king of England. 

1095 The first Crusade to the Holy Land. Peter the Hermit. 

1098 The Crusaders take Antioch. . 

1099 Jerusalem taken by Godfrey of Boulogne. The Knights 
of St. John instituted. 

1100 Henry I. (Beauclerc) king of England. 

1110 Writing on paper made of cotton rags, common about 

this time. 
1135 Stephen, king of England. 
1137 The Pandects of the Roman law discovered at AmaJphL 

1140 The Canon Law first introduced into England. 

1141 Stephen, king of England, taken prisoner in the battle 
of Lincoln by the troops of Matilda. 

1143 He recovers his kingdom. 

1147 The second crusade excited by St. Bernard. 

1150 The study of the civil law revived at Bologna. 

1151 The Canon Law is collected by Gratian, a monk of Bo- 
logna. 

1156 Moscow in Russia founded. 

1157 The Bank of Venice instituted. 

1158 Interview between Plenry II. and Malcolm IV., at Car- 
lisle. 

1163 London Bridge built the first time of stone. 

1170 Paper made of linen rags. 

1172 Conquest of Ireland, by Henry II. 

1187 The city of Jerusalem taken by Saladin. 

1202 The fourth Crusade sets out from Venice. 

Constantinople taken by the French and Venetians. 

1204 The Inquisition established by Pope Innocent the Third. 

1206 Henry, Emperor of Constantinople. 

1208 London incorporated, obtains a charter for electing a 
Mayor and Magistrates. 

^210 Crusade against the Albigenses, under Simon de Mont- 
fort. 



( 123) 

A. D. 

1215 Magna Charta signed by King John. 

Court of Common Pleas established. 

1220 Astronomy and Geography brought into Europe by the 

Moors. 
1233 The houses of London, and other cities in England, 

France, and Germany, still thatched with straw. 
1241 Tin mines discovered in Germany. 
1254 Interregnum in the Empire of Germany, from the death 

of Conrad IV., in 1254, to the election of Rodolph, in 

1273. 
1258 Bagdat taken by the Tartars. End of the Empire of the 

Saracens. 

1260 The Flagellants preach Baptism by Blood. 

1261 The Greek Emperors recover Constantinople from the 
French. 

1263 The Norwegians invade Scotland, and are defeated by 
Alexander III. in the battle of Largs. 

1282 The SiciHan Vespers, when 8,000 French were mas- 
sacred. 

1283 The conquest of Wales, by Edward I. 

1290 University of Lisbon founded. 

1291 Ptolemais taken by the Turks. End of the Crusades. 

1293 From this year there is a regular succession of English 
Parliaments. 

1294 Parliaments established in Paris. 

1299 Interregnum in Scotland for eight years. Sir William 
Wallace nobly supports the liberty of his country, de- 
feats the English at Stirling, and drives them out of the 
kingdom. 

1298 Silver spoons and cups very rare. 

' Tallow candles so great a luxury, that splinters of wood 

were used for lights. 

- Wine sold by the apothecaries as a cordial. 

1302 Comyn and Eraser defeat the English thrice in one day. 

The Mariner's Compass said to be discovered at Naples. 

1304 Wallace betrayed, delivered up, and put to death by Ed- 
ward I. 

1307 The establishment of the Swiss Republics. 

Coal first used in England. 

1308 The seat of the Popes transferred to Avignon for sev- 
enty years. 

1314 The Scots under Robert Bruce defeat the English under 

Edward II., at Bannockburn. 
1319 The University of Dublin founded. 



( 124) 

A. D. 

1320 Gold first coined in Christendom. 

1340 Gunpowder invented by Swartz, a Monk of Cologne 

Oil Painting- invented by John Van Eyke. 

Copper Money first used in Scotland and Ireland. 

1346 Battle of Cressy, won by Edward III. and the Black 
Prince, over the French. 

1350 The Order of the Garter instituted by E(iward III. 

1357 Coals first brought to London. 

1352 The Turks first enter Europe. 

1356 The battle of Poictiers, in which John II. king of France, 
is taken prisoner, and afterwards brought to London. 

1362 Law pleadings in England changed from French to Eng- 
lish. 

1365 Universities of Vienna and Geneva founded. 

1381 Peace between Venice and Genoa. 

Bills of exchange first used in England. 

1383 Cannon first used by the English in the defence of Ca- 
lais. 

1391 Cards invented in France, for the king's amusement 

1392 The Cape of Good Hope discovered by the Portuguese. 
1394 The Jews banished from France by Charles VI. 

1405 The Canary Islands discovered. 

1412 Algebra brought from Arabia into Europe. 

The University of St. Andrews, in Scotland, founded. 

1415 John Huss condemned by the Council of Constance for 
heresy, and burnt. 

1416 Jerome of Prague condemned by the same council, and 
burnt. 

1420 The Island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese. 
1425 The court of sessions in Scotland instituted by James L 
1428 Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans, compels the English 

to raise the siege of that town. 
1436 Paris recovered by the French from the English. 

1439 Reunion of the Greek and Latin churches. 

1440 Invention of the art of printing, by John Guttenberg, at 
Strasburg. 

1446 Great inundation of the sea in Holland. 
1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks. 

End of the English government in France. 

1459 The art of engraving on copper invented. 

1460 Battle of Wakefield, in which the Duke of York is 
killed. 

1474 The Cape de Verd Islands discovered by the Portuguese. 



( 125 ) 

A. D. 

1479 Ferdinand and Isabella unite the kingdoms of Arragon 
and Castile. 

1489 Maps^and sea charts first brought to England. 

1492 Hispaniola and Cuba discovered by Christopher Colum- 
bus. 

1497 Tlie Portuguese, under Vasco de Gama, double the Cape 
of Good Hope, and sail to the East Indies. 

1497 Sebastian Cabot lands in North America. 

1500 Brazil discovered by the Portuguese. 

1507 Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese. 

1509 Gardening introduced into England from the Nether- 
lands, whence vegetables were imported hitherto. 

1514 Cannon bullets of stone still in use. 

1517 The Reformation in Germany begun by Luther. 

1521 Cortez completes the conquest of Mexico. 

1522 The first voyage round the world performed by a ship of 
Magellan's squadron. 

1534 The Preformation in England. 

1539 The first English edition of the Bible authorized ; the 
present translation finished 1611. 

About this time cannon began to be used in ships. 

1539 Six hundred and forty -five religious houses suppressed 
in England and Wales. 

1540 The variation of the compass discovered by Sebastian 
Cabot. 

1543 Pins first used in England, before which time the ladies 
used skewers. 

1552 Books of geography and astronomy destroyed in Eng- 
land, as being infected with magic. 

The book of common prayer established in England by 

act of Parliament. 

1553 Lady Jane Grey beheaded. 

1555 Many bishops burnt in England by Mary. 

1560 Beginning of the civil wars in France. 

The reformation completed in Scotland by John Knox. 

1561 Mary queen of Scots arrives in Scotland from France. 
1563 Knives first used in England. 

1568 Mary queen of Scots flees to England for protection. 

1569 The earl of Murray, regent of Scotland, assassinated by 
Hamilton. 

1572 The massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 24. 
1574 Socinus propagates his opinions. 

Don Sebastian, king of Portugal, invades Africa. 

1576 The league in France formed against the Protestants. 

L2 



( 126) 

A. D. 

1579 Commencement of the republic of Holland, by the unioa 
of Utrecht. 

1580 The world circumnavig-ated by Sir Francis J)rake. 
1582 The New Style introduced into Italy by Pope Gregory 

XIII., the 5th of October being counted the 15th. 
1584 Virginia discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh. 

1588 Manufacture of paper introduced into England. 

1589 Coaches first introduced into England. 

1591 University of Dublin erected. 

1592 Presbyterian church government established in Scotland 
1594 The Bank of England incorporated. 

1597 Watches first brought into England from Germany. 

1600 The English East India Company established. 

1602 Decimal Arithmetic invented at Bruges. 

1605 The Gunpowder Plot discovered. 

1607 Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. 

1608 Galileo discovers the satellites of Jupiter. 

Arminius propagates his opinions. 

— — Quebec founded. 

1610 Hudson's Bay discovered. 
1614 Logarithms invented by Napier. 

New- York settled. 

1619 Discovery of the circulation of the blood, by Dr. Haruey. 

1620 The broad silk manufacture from raw silk, introduced 
into England. 

Copper Money first introduced into England. 

Settlement of Plymouth, Massachusetts. 

1623 New-Hampshire settled. 

1624 New-Jersey settled. 

1625 The Island of Barbadoes the first English settlement in 
the West Indies. 

1627 Delaware settled. 

1633 Connecticut settled. 

1634 Maryland settled. 
1636 Rhode-Island settled. 

1639 The first printing-press established in the American colo- 
nies. 
641 The Irish rebellion, and massacre of the Protestants, Oc- 
tober 23. 

1642 Beginning of the civil war in England. 

1643 Archbishop Laud condemned by the commons, and be- 
headed. 

1649 Commonwealth of England begins. 

1650 North and South Carolina settled. 



( 127 ) 

A. D. 

1651 The Quakers first appear in England. 

1652 The Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope established. 

The first war between the English and Dutch. 

1654 End of the commonwealth of England. 

The English, under admiral Penn, take possession of 

Jamaica. 

1660 Charles II. king of Great Britain. 

1662 The Royal Society instituted in England. 

1663 Charter of Carolina, and a colony settled scon after. 

The French Academy of Inscriptions instituted. 

1665 Great plague in London. 

1666 Tea first used in England. 

Great Fire in London. 

The Academy of Sciences instituted in France. 

1678 The habeas corpus act passed in England. 
1681 Pennsylvania settled. 

1685 Duke of Monmouth beheaded. 

1686 The Newtonian philosophy first published in England. 

1688 Revolution in Britain. King James abdicates the throne, 
December 23. 

1689 Episcopacy abolished in Scotland by King WiUiam. 
1700 Yale College (Conn.) founded. 

1702 The Englisli and Dutch destroy the French fleet at Viga 

The French send colonies to the Mississippi. 

1703 Gibraltar taken by Admiral Rooke, July 24. 

1704 Peter the Great founds St. Petersburgh. 

First newspaper published in America at Boston. 

1707 The first British Parliament. 

1726 Great earthquake at Palermo, August 21. 

1727 Inoculation first tried on criminals with success. 

1732 Washington born, Feb. 22. 

1733 Georgia settled. 

1737 First steamboat invented by Jonathan Hull. 

1744 Commodore Anson completes his voyage round the 
world. 

1745 Louisburg and Cape Breton taken by the British troops, 
June 6. 

The rebellion breaks out in Scotland, July. 

1750 Academy of Sciences founded at Stockholm. 

1752 New Style introduced into Britain, September 3, reck, 
oned 14. 

1754 Great eruption at jEtna. 

Great earthquake at Constantinople and Cairo, Sept. 2. 

1755 Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 1. 



( 128) 

A. D. 

1755 Defeat of Braddock. 

1756 War declared between Great Britain and France, May 18 

1759 General Wolfe takes Quebec in Canada, September 17. 

1760 Montreal and Canada taken by the British, 

1762 American Philosophical Society established at PhiladeJ 

phia. 
1765 Stamp Act passed. 

1775 Battle of Lexington, 19th April. 

Battle of Bunker's Hill in North America, June 17. 

1776 The Americans declare their Independence, July 4. 

Battle of Long-Island, August 27. 

New- York taken, in September. 

Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25. 

1777 Battle of Brandy wine, September 11. 
■ Philadelphia taken, September 26. 

Surrender of the British army under Burgoyne, at Sara- 
toga, in the state of New- York, October 17. 

1780 Treachery of Arnold, September 22. 

1781 Battle of Cowpens, January. 

Battle of Guilford, March 15. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8. 

Surrender of the British army under Cornwallis to the 

Americans and French at Yorktown in Virginia, Octo- 
ber 19. 

1782 Articles of Peace, between Great Britain and the United 
States, signed at Paris, November 30. 

First English Bible printed in America at Philadelphia. 

First Sunday School established in Gloucester, England, 

by Robert Raikes. 

1783 Peace between Great Britain, France, and Spain, and the 
Independence of America declared, January 20. 

1788 Constitution of the United States adopted. 

1789 George Washington first President of the United States, 
April. 

1791 Vermont became a state. 

First Sunday School in the United States commenced at 

Philadelphia. 

Methodist Missionary Society instituted in England. 

1792 Kentucky became a State. 

Baptist Missionary Society formed in England. 

1793 Queen of France condemned to death and beheaded, Oc- 
tober 15. 

1795 The Cape of Good Hope taken by the British, Sept. 16 
1797 John Adams, President of the United States, March 4. 



( 129 ) 

Ireland in open rebellion, May, June, <Slc. 

Admiral Nelson destroys the French fleet, in the battle 

of the Nile, August 1. 

1799 George Washington dies, December 14. 
. London Religious Tract Society. 

1800 Union of Britain and Ireland. 

1801 First meeting of the Imperial Parliament of Britain an 
Ireland, January. 

Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, March 4 

1804 British and Foreign Bible Society. 

1805 Lord Nelson defeats the combined fleets of France and 
Spain off* Cape Trafalgar, takes or destroys 19 ships of 
the line, and is killed in the battle, October 21. 

War between England and Spain. 

1806 The British Parliament vote the abolition of the slave 
trade, June 10. 

1808 Abolition of the slave trade in the United States of 
America, January 1. 

1810 American Board of Commissioners for foreign missions 
formed ; incorporated in 1812. 

Population of the United States, 7,239,903. ^ 

1811 Two hundred buildings and large quantities of goods 
burnt in Newburyport, Mass. 

An unusually large comet appeared, September 1. 

Richmond Theatre burnt, December 26. 

1812 War against Great Britain declared by the United States, 
June 18. 

1812 General Hull and his army taken prisoners in Canada, 
August 16. 

The French army enter Moscow, 14th September. 

British frigate Guerriere captured, August 29. 

do. do. Macedonian captured, October 26. 

do. do. Java captured, December 29. 

1813 Commodore Perry captures the British squadron, on lake 
Erie, September 10. 

1814 Napoleon Buonaparte dethroned, April 4, and banished 
to the island of Elba, for which he sails, April 28. 

City of Washington taken by the British, August 24. 

British squadron on lake Cham plain captured by Com- 
modore M'Donough, September 11. 

Pensacola taken by General Jackson, November 7. 

Treaty of peace between the United States and Great 

Britain, signed at Ghent, December 24. 
The British repulsed at New-Orleans, December 28. 



( 130 ) 

A. D. 

1815 The British completely defeated, and General Packen- 
ham slain, at New-Orleans, January 8. 

United States' frigate President taken by a British squad 

ron, January 15. 

Peace between Great Britain and the United States rati 

fled, February 24. 

-—— American Education Society instituted at Boston. 

1816 Deaf and Dumb, Society for the instruction of, instituted 
at HaTtford, Connecticut, June 24th. 

American Bible Society formed. 

Indiana admitted into the Union as a State. 

1817 United States' Bank opened for business at Philadelphia, 
January 1. 

American Colonization Society for free blacks organized, 

January 1. 

James Monroe, President of the United States, March 4. 

Mississippi admitted into the Union as a State, Decem- 
ber 11. 

1818 Illinois admitted into the Union as a State, Dec. 4. 

Commercial Treaties concluded between the United 

States on the one part, and Great Britain and Sweden 
on the other. 

Alleghany College established. 

1819 A treaty for the cession of Florida to the United States 
signed at Washington, February 23. 

First steam-ship sails for Europe, May. 

Alabama admitted into the Union as a State, December 

1820 George III. King of England, dies, January 29. 

George IV. succeeds to the throne of Great Britain and 

Ireland. 

Maine admitted into the Union as a State. 

The American Colonization Society sent out their first 

colonists to Liberia. 

Population of the United States, 9,625,734. 

1821 Missouri admitted into the Union as a State. 

■ Napoleon Buonaparte dies at St. Helena, May 5, 1821, 

aged 52. 

* ■ Elias Boudinot, President of the American Bible So- 
ciety, dies. 

3322 Columbia College established. 

Massacre of Greeks at Scio. 

1824 The Marquis de la Fayette visited the United States. 

American Sunday School Union instituted at Philadel- 
phia, 



( 131 ) 

A. D. 

1825 John Quincy Adams, President of the United States, 
March 4. 

American Tract Society instituted at New- York. 

1826 The Ex-Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 
died, July 4. 

American Temperance Society instituted at Boston. 

American Home Missionary Society organized. 

1829 Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, March 4 

1830 An act passed, by Congress, to remove the Indians re- 
siding in any of the States or Territories to the west of 
the Mississippi. 

Fifth census of the United States taken. Number of the 

population, 12,850,240. 

George IV. King of England, dies, June 26. 

- William IV. succeeds him. 



QUESTIONS 

ON 

THE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1. Can you mention, in order, the principal events that oc- 
curred from the creation of the world to the year B. C. 1451, 
when the Israelites were led into the land of Canaan by Joshua ? 

2. In the same manner mention the events that occurred, 
irom the latter date to the foundation of Rome in the year 
B. C. 753. 

3. From the building of Rome to the prophesying of Jere- 
miah in the year B. C. 600. 

4. From the year 600 to the year 480 when the battle of 
Thermopylae occurred. 

5. From the year 480 to Malachi, the last of the prophets, 
430. 

6. Can you mention the principal events that occurred from 
430 to 350 ? 

7. From 350 to 283 ? 

8. From 283 to 106, when gold was first coined at Rome ? 

9. From 206 to 103 ? 

10. From 103 to 48, battle of Pharsalia? 

11. From 48 to 4, birth of Jesus Christ? 



( 132 ) 

12. Can you mention the principal events, in the order in 
which they occurred, from the birth of Christ to the year A. D. 
100? 

13. From the year 100 to 200 ? 

14. From 200 to 300 ? and so on to the year 1700 when the 
periods may be shortened. 

15. From 1700 to 1750 ? 

16. From 1750 to 1776 ? 

17. From 1776 to 1789 ? 

18. From 1789 to 1800 ? 

19. From 1800 to 1810? 

20. From 1810 to 1815 ? 

21. From 1815 to 1820 ? 

22. From 1820 to 1830 ? 



QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE TABLE. 

1. When, and by whom; were letters first introduced into 
Greece ? 

2. When did Habakkuk prophesy ? 

3. When did Jeremiah prophesy ? 

4. When did Daniel prophesy ? 

5. About what time does the history of the Old Testament 
end ? 

6. Who was the last of the prophets ? 

7. When and where was silver money first coined 7 

8. When and where was gold first coined ? 

9. When does the history of the apocrypha end ? 

10. When was Jesus Christ born ? 

11. When was he crucified? 

12. When did St. Matthew write his Gospe! ? 

13. When did St. Mark write his ? 

14. When did St. Luke write his ? 

15. When did St. John write his Apocalypse and Gospel t 

16. When was the manufacture of silk introduced into Ea. 
rope ? 

17. When did Mahomet, the false prophet, die ? 



( 133 ) 

18. Whc ' wor^ organs first used in churches ? 

19. In what year was glass invented ? 

UO. When was writing on paper, ri:ade of cotton rags, com- 
mon ? 

21. When was paper first made of Hnen "ags ? 

22. Until what year was wine sold only by the apothecaries, 
as a cordial ? 

23. When, and by whom, was oil painting invented ? 

24. When, and by whom, was gunpowder invented ? 

^5, When, and by whom, was the art of printing invented ? 

26. About what time did cannon begin to be used in ships ? 

27. When were knives first used in England ? 

28. When were coaches first introduced into England ? 

29. When was inoculation first tried on criminals with suc- 
cess? 

30. When was the end of the French war ? 

31. Mention, in order, the principal events of the American 
Revolution. 

32. When did the revolutionary war end ? 

33. When was the late war declared ? 

34. Relate the principal events of the late war, in order. 



( 134) 



DEFINITIONS OF TERMS, &c. 

IN 

THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 



Question, What is meant by a Science T 

Answer, A Science is a system of any branch of know- 
ledge, comprehending its dv*ctrine, reason, and theory ; 
without any immediate application of it to the uses of life. 

Q. What is an Art] 

A. An Art is a collection of rules and precepts, for doing 
a thing with certainty, ease, and accuracy. 

Science is knowledge in theory ; Art is knowledge in 
practice. Botany is a science ; Gardening, an art. 

Q. How are the Arts divided '? 

A. The Arts are divided into liberal and mechanical, 

Q. What are the Liberal Arts ] 

A. The Liberal Arts are those that are ingenious, and 
cultivated without any immediate regard to the profit arising 
from them ; as, poetry, music, and painting ; rhetoric, gram- 
mar, and sculpture. 

Q. What are the Mechanic Arts 1 

A. The Mecha.nic Arts are those wherein the hand and 
body are more concerned than the mind, and which are 
cultivated for the sake of the profit arising from them : as, 
cabinet making, ship-building, turnery, weaving, masonry, 
and the like ; popularly known by the name of trades. 

Q. What are the princip^^ Sciences] 

A. The principal Scienctvs are theology, philosophy, and 
jurisprudence; physic, rhetoric, grammar, poetry, and 
mathematics. 

THEOLOGY is the science v/hich instructs us in the 
knowledge of God, and Divine things, and teaches us the 
manner in which we should serve our Creator. 

RELIGION is that worship and homage which man 
owes to God, as his Creator, Preserver, and Redeemer. 

Religion is founded on the existence of a Supreme Be- 
ings who requires the love, service, and adoration of his 
creatures. 



( 135 ) 

PHILOSOPHY, properly speaking, is the Science of 
Wisdom ; or, it is the employment of the human mind in 
examining, and explaining the nature, modifications and ef- 
fects of matter, the principles of morality, the operations 
of reason, and the properties of abstract or immaterial 
things. This last, is called metaphysics. 

PHYSICS, or Natural Philosophy, treat of the nature or 
modifications of matter, and explain the various phenomena 
of the material world. 

MECHANICS is a science which considers motion 
and moving bodies, their nature and laws, with the effect 
of mechanic powers and their various combinations, in the 
construction of machines or engines. 

HYDROSTATICS is that science which treats of the 
weight and action of fluids. 

HYDRAULICS teach us how to estimate the swiftness 
and force of fluids in motion. All water works, mills, 
pumps, &c. come under the notice of hydraulics. 

PNEUMATICS treats of the mechanical properties of 
elastic or aerial fluids : such as their weight, density, com- 
pressibility, and elasticity. 

ELECTRICITY, or the electric fluid, is an exceedingly 
subtile fire which pervades all nature, and produces the 
most singular and extraordinary phenomena. 

THE AURORA BOREALIS is an extraordinary, lu- 
minous meteor, showing itself in the night after a dry sea- 
son, chiefly in the northern parts of the atmosphere ; and, 
hence, the vulgar give it the name of northern lights, or 
streatners 

THE IGNUSFATUUSis a common ignited n.eteor; 
chiefly seen at night, in meadows, marshes, and other moist 
places. It is known among the vulgar by the appellations, 
Will-with-a-wisp, and Jack-with-a-lantern. 

MINERALOGY treats of all fossil bodies; as, gold, sil- 
ver, iron, tin, lead, and coal ; besides the various kinds of 
stone : as, marble, diamonds, the loadstone, &c. 

ARCHITECTURE is the art of building or erecting 
edifices : it is of three kinds ; Civil, Military, and Naval. 

SCULPTURE is the art of cutting or carving wood and 
stone into images ; and of fashioning wax, earth, plaster, 
&c. to serve as models, or moulds for the casting of metal- 
line figfures. 



( 136) 

STATUARY is a branch of Sculpture, employed in 
making" statues. 

ETHICS, or MORAL PHILOSOPHY, is the science 
of morals, or of manners and duty, in all our intercourse 
with our fellow-men ; whether in public or private life. 

JURISPRUDENCE is the science of what is just and 
unjust ; or the knowledge of the laws, rights, customs, and 
ordinances, necessary for the administration of justice. 

LOGIC is the science of correct thinking ; or, it is the 
art of using reason well in our inquiries after truth, and in 
the communication of it to others. 

OPTICS is that science which explains the nature and 
laws of vision ; whether natural, as performed by the eye ; 
or, artificial, as effected by instruments. 

MATHEMATICS is a science that contemplates what- 
ever is capable of being numbered or measured. 

GEOMETRY is a science teaching the mensuration of 
quantity, extension, and magnitude; that is, of lines, sur- 

METAPHYSICS may be considered as the Science of 
mind. It contemplates the nature and properties of ab- 
stract qualities, and of immaterial or spiritual beings ; as, 
Deity, the soul, angels, intellect, Slc. 

ASTRONOMY is a mixed, mathematical science ; 
teaching the knowledge of the celestial bodies, their mag- 
nitudes, motions, distances, periods, eclipses, and order. 

CHRONOLOGY is the science of computing time, dis- 
tinguishmg its parts, and ascertaining the true period of 
events. 

MYTHOLOGY is the history and explication of tlie 
fabulous gods and heroes of the heathen world. 

PHYSIC, or Medicine, is the knowledge of those things, 
by the application of which, the body is either preserved in 
a healthy state, or restored thereto when disordered. 

ANATOMY is the art of dissecting the solid parts of 
the human body ; in order to discover their structure and 
economy, their office and use, and their concern in health 
or in disease. 

SURGERY is a branch of the healing art, and consists 
in manual operations, by the aid of suitable instruments, 
for the cure of wounds, dislocations, fractures, tumors, ul- 
cers, and the like. 



( 137) 

PHARMACY teaches the choice, preparation, and mix- 
ture of medicines. 

CHEMISTRY is that science which teaches us how to 
ascertain the nature and properties of bodies. 

BOTANY, or Phytology, is a science that describes the 
nature, kinds, and properties of herbs, plants, and vege- 
tables of all sorts. 

POLITY is the art of conducting the affairs of public 
society or community^ so as to procure and preserve the in- 
terest and happiness of the whole^ and each individual, in 
the highest degree possible. 

HERALDRY is the art of blazoning a coat of arms in 
proper colors and metals. 



RHETORIC AND ORATORY- 

Q. What is Rhetoric? 

A. Rhetoric or Oratory^ is the art of speaking justlj^ 
methodically, and elegantly upon any subject, so as to 
please, persuade, and instruct. A speech made or deliver- 
ed according to the rules of this art, is called an oration^ 
and the speaker, an orator. 

Q. How many parts has an Orationi 

A. An Oration has five parts, viz : — the Exordium, Nar- 
ration, Confirmation, Refutation, and Peroration. 

Q. What is the Exordium ? 

A. The Exordium, or Preamble, is the beginning of the 
Oration, designed to secure the attention of the hearers, 
gain their good opinion, and give them a general idea of 
the subject. It should be brief, modest, and perspicuous. 

The Narration is a recital of facts as they occurred, or 
are supposed to have occurred. It should be made as prob- 
able, perspicuous, interesting, and concise as possible. 

The Confirmation is the establishing of the truth, or 
proposition, as advanced in the Narration. 

The Refutation — which should ever be lively and pun- 
gent — is the repelling of the arguments of the opposing 
party, by showing them to be false, unsound, or incon- 
clusive. 

M 2 



( 138 ) 

The Peroration^ or conclusion, recapitulates the princi- 
pal arguments, in a concise, forcible, and impressive man- 
ner, so as to excite the feelings, and awaken love, pity, oi 
hatred. 

TROPES OR FIGURES. 

Q. What do Tropes or Figures of Speech denote 1 

A. Tropes or Figures of Speech always denote some 
departure from simplicity of expression. They exhibit 
ideas in a manner more vivid and impressive than could 
easily be done by plain language. 

Q. Can you enumerate these figures ? 

A. Yes — the principal Tropes or Figures are — Personi- 
fication, Apostrophe, Simile^ Metaphor, Allegory, Irony ^ 
Hyperbole^ Climax, Antithesis, Metonomy, and Syneo 
doche. 

Please to explain each of these figures. 

Personification is the bestowing of sensation, life, or ac- 
tion, upon things inanimate. 

The Apostrophe bestows an ideal presence upon real 
persons who are either dead or absent. It addresses them 
as if actually present. 

A Simile is a comparison by which any thing is illus- 
trated. This figure, equally familiar and beautiful, discov- 
ers resemblances, real or imaginary, between objects or ac- 
tions, which in their general nature are dissimilar. 

A Metaphor is the putting of a word to a use which, in 
its original import, it does not admit. 

A Metaphor in borrowed words compares, 
As, for excess, we say — a, flood of tears. 

An Allegory is a continued metaphor ; or it is a figu- 
rative representation in which something is intended, dif- 
ferently from what is expressed by the words literally 
taken; as, 

Venus (love) grows cold without Ceres (bread) and Bac- 
chus, (wine.) 

I've pass'd the shoals ; fair gales now swell my hopes. 
Irony, dissembling with an air. 
Means otherwise than words declare. 
Hyperbole soars high, or creeps too low ; 
Exceeds the truth, things wonderful to show. 



( 139 ) 

A Climax f or gradation, is a figure in Rhetoric, which 
gradually increases the representation till it reaches its 
highest point of interest or importance. 

An Antithesis is a figure which strengthens language, 
argument, or representation, by opposition or apposition. 

Metonomy is the putting of the cause for the effect, or 
the effect for the cause ; the container, for the contained ; 
or the sign for the thing signified. 

A Synecdoche puts a part for the whole, the whole for a 
part. 



POETRY. 

Q. What is Poetry? 

A. Poetry is a species of composition, made according to 
certain harmonious measures, or proportions of time and 
sound. 

Q. What is a Poem 1 

A. A Poem is a complete or finished piece of Poetry : 
as Homer's Iliad. 

Q. What is Rhyme ? 

A. Rhyme is that kind of Poetry in which the termi- 
nating sound of one line agrees with that of another ; as, 

Soon as we draw our infant breath, 
The seeds of sin grow up for death. 

Q. What is Blank Verse ? 

A. Blank Verse, like other Poetry, is measured, but does 
not rhyme. 

Q. What is meant by measure, in Poetry 1 

A. The term measure, in Poetry, means the number of 
syllables, or of feet, contained in a line. 

Q. What is Pastoral Poetry 1 

A. Pastoral Poetry is th.it which describes a shepherd's 
ife, or the life of rural nymphs and swains. 

Q. What is an Elegy ? 

A. An Elegy is a mournful poem, or funeral song. 

Q. What is Lyric Poetry ] 

A. Lyric Poetry is that which is generally used m the 
ccmposition of odes and songs, designed to be sung to the 
lyre or harp. 

Q. What is a Pindaric ode 7 



( 140 ) 

A. A Pindaric ode, so called from its inventor, is a sort 
of Poetry, which consists of loose and free numbers, of un- 
equal measures. 

Q. What is Satire? 

A. Satire is a free, witty, sharp, and jocose, poem ; se- 
verely reproving the vices and follies of those in whom 
they are found. 

Q. What is Comedy] 

A. Comedy is an agreeable, humorous representation of 
the customs of common life. 

Q. What is tragedy 1 

A. Tragedy exhibits the actions of virtuous and illus- 
trious persons ; so as to excite sympathy, or promote the 
patriotic, heroic, and social virtues. 



80. . . 10 
150 . . . 12i 

400 .. . 18| 
. ... 25 



GENERAL POST OFFICE. 

RATES OF POSTAGE. 
For single Letters, composed of one piece of paper. 

No. of Miles. Cents. 

Any distance not exceeding .... 30 ... 6 

Over 30, and not exceeding 

Over 80, do. 

Over 150, do. 

Over 400, 

Double Letters, or those composed of two pieces of paper, 
are charged with double those rates. 

Triple Letters, or those composed of three pieces of 
paper, are charged with triple those rates. 

Quadruple Letters, or those composed of four pieces of 
paper, are charged with quadruple those rates. 

All Letters, weighing one ounce avoirdupois, or more, 
are charged at the rate of single postage for each quarter 
of an ounce, or quadruple postage for each ounce, according 
to their weight ; and no letter can be charged with more 
than quadruple postage unless its weight exceeds one ounce 
avoirdupois. 



( 141 ) 

Newspaper Postage. 

For each Newspaper, not carried out of the state in 
which it is published ; or if carried ou:*' of the State, but 
not carried over 100 miles, 1 cent. 

Over 100 miles, and out of the state in which it is pul>- 
lished, 1^ cents. 

Magazines and Pamphlets, 

If published periodically, distance not exceeding 100 

miles, IJ cents per sheet. 

Ditto do. over 100 miles, . . . . 2| do. 

If not published periodically, distance not exceeding 100 

miles, 4 cents per sheet. 

Ditto do. over 100 miles, .... 6 do. 

Small pamphlets, containing not more than a half sheet 
royal, are charged with half those rates. Eight pages 
quarto are rated as one sheet, and all other sizes in the 
same proportion. 

The number of sheets which it contains, must be printed 
or written on one of the outer pages of every pamphlet or 
magazine sent by mail. 

Everything not coming under the denomination of news- 
papers or pamphlets, is charged with letter postage* 



( 142 ) 

OPERATIONS OF THE MINT. 

The coinage effected within the year 1830 amounts to 
$3,155,620, comprising $643,105 in gold coins, $2,495,400 
in silver, $17,115 in copper, and consisting of 8,357,191 
pieces of coin, viz : 



Half Eagles, 126,351 

Quarter Eagles, 4,540 
Half Dollars, 4,764,800 
Dimes, 510,000 

Half Dimes, 1.240,000 
Cents, 1,711,500 



pieces, making 



$631,755 
11,350 

2,382,400 
51,000 
62,000 
17,115 



8,357,191 $3,155,620 

The coinage effected within the year 1831, amounts 
to $3,923,473 60, comprising $714,270 in gold coins, 
$3,175,600 in silver, and $33,603 60 in copper, and con 
sisting of 11,792,284 pieces of coin, viz : 
Half Eagles 140,594 pieces, making 
Quarter Eagles, 4,520 



Half Dollars, 5,873,660 
Quarter Dolls., 398,000 
Dimes, 771,350 

Half Dimes, 1,242,700 
Cents, 3,359,260 

Half Cents, 2,200 



$702,970 00 
11,300 00 

2,936,830 00 
99,500 00 
77,135 00 
62,135 00 
33,592 60 
11 00 



11,792,284 $3,923,473 60 

Of the amount of gold coined within 1831, about 130,000 
dollars were derived from Mexico, South America, and the 
West Indies, 27,000 dollars from Africa, 518,000 dollars 
from the gold region of the United States, and about 39,000 
dollars from sources not ascertained. 

Of the amount of gold of the United States, above men- 
tioned, about 26,000 dollars may be stated to have been 
received from Virginia, 294,000 dollars from North Caro- 
lina, 22,000 dollars from South Carolina, and 176,000 from 
Georgia. Gold has also been received within the past year 
from Tennessee and x\labama, not exceeding, however, 1000 
dollars from each of these states ; an amount meriting little 
regard, except as indicating the progressive development 
of the gold region. 



( 143 ) 

TABLE. 
Census op 1840. 



States 




Free 








and 


White. 


Coi'd. 


Free. 


Slaves. 


Total. 


Terr's. 

N. Y. 












2,378,890 


50,027 


2,428,917 


4 


2,428,921 


Pa. 


1,676,115 


47,854 


1,723,969 


64 


1,724,033 


Ohio, 


1,502,122 


17,342 


1,519,464 


3 


1,519,467 


Va. 


740,968 


49,842 


790,810 


448,987 


1,239,797 


Tenn. 


640,627 


5,524 


646,151 


183,059 


829,210 


Ken. 


590,253 


7,317 


597,570 


182,258 


779,828 


N. C. 


484,870 


22,732 


507,602 


245,817 


753,419 


Mass. 


729,030 


8,669 


737,699 




737,699 


Ga. 


407,695 


2,753 


410,448 


280,944 


691,392 


la. 


678,702 


7,165 


685,863 


3 


685,866 


S. C. 


259,084 


8,276 


267,360 


327,038 


594,398 


Ala. 


335,185 


2,039 


337,224 


253,532 


590,756 


Me. 


500,438 


1,355 


501,793 




501,793 


111. 


472,254 


3,598 


475,852 


331 


476,183 


Md. 


318,204 


62,078 


380,282 


89,737 


470,019 


Mi. 


323,888 


1,574 


325,462 


58,240 


383,702 


Miss. 


179,074 


1,366 


180,440 


195,211 


375,651 


N. J. 


351,588 


21,044 


372,632 


674 


373,306 


La. 


158,457 


25,502 


183,959 


168,452 


352,411 


Conn. 


301,856 


8,105 


309,961 


17 


309,978 


Vt. 


291,218 


730 


291,948 




291,948 


N. H. 


284,036 


537 


284,573 


1 


284,574 


Mich. 


211,560 


707 


212,267 




212,267 


R. I. 


105,587 


3,238 


108,825 


5 


108,830 


Ark. 


77,174 


465 


77,639 


19,935 


97,574 


Del. 


58,561 


16,919 


75,480 


2,605 


78,085 


Fa. 


27,943 


817 


28,760 


25,717 


54,477 


D.C. 


30,657 


8,361 


39,018 


4,694 


43,712 


Iowa, 


42,924 


172 


43,096 


16 


43,112 


Wis. 


30,749 


185 

386,293 


30,934 


11 


30,945 


14,189,7051 


14,575,998 


2,487,355 


17,063,353 






U. 1 


3. Navy, 


6,100 






17,069,453 



( 144 ) 



THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. 



Name. 



Bangor Theol. Sem. 
Theol. Seminary, 
Theological School, 
Mass. Epis. Th. Sch. 
Theological Instit 
Theol. Dep. Yale Col. 
Theol. Ins. Epis. Ch. 
Th. Sem. of Auburn, 
Hamilton Lit. cSiTh.In. 
Hartwick Seminary, 
Th. Sem. Du. Ref. Ch. 
Th. Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S. 
Sem. Luth. Ch. U. S. 
German Reformed, 
West. Th, Seminary, 
Epis. Th. School Va. 
Union Th. Seminary, 
South Th. Seminary, 
South- West Th. Sem. 
Lane Seminary, 
Rock Spring Sem. 



Place. 



Bangor, Me. 
Andover, Mass. 
Cambridge, do. 
Do. do. 

Newton, do. 
New Haven, Ct. 
New York, N.Y. 
Auburn, do. 
Hamilton, do. 
Hartwick, do. 
N.Br'wick,N.J. 
Princeton, do. 
Gettysburg, Pa. 
York, do. 

Alieg'ny. T. do. 
Fairfax Co. Va. 
Prin. Ed. Co. do. 
Columbia, S. C. 
Maryville, Ten. 
Cincinnati, Ohio 
Rock Spring, II. 



Denomina- 
tion. 



Cong. 

Cong. 

Con. Unit. 

Episcopal, 

Baptist, 

Cong. 

Prot. Epis. 

Presbyt. 

Baptist, 

Lutheran, 

Dutch Ref 

Presbyt. 

Evang. Lu. 

G. Ref Ch. 

Presbyt. 

Prot. Epis. 

Presbyt. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Baptist, 



Com. 
oper- 
ation. 



1816 

1808 
1824 
1831 
1825 
1822 
1819 
1821 
1820 
1816 

1812 
1826 
1825 

1828 

1824 
1829 
1821 
1829 

1827 



There are Roman CatJwlic Theological Seminaries at 
Baltimore and near Emmitsburg, Md., at Charleston, 
S. C, at Bardstown, and in Washington County, Ky., in 
Perry County, and St, Louis, Mo., and at Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 



THE END. 



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